He was born on November 6, 1494 in Trabzon. The title of Suleiman the Magnificent was adopted for the first time a hundred years after his era, for Sultan Suleiman, who was referred to as “The Magnificent” and “The Great Turk” by Western writers during his time. Although nowadays he is recognized by his title of Kanuni rather than his name, this adjective was first referenced in Dimitrie Cantemir’s Ottoman history in the 18th century and became common by being embraced by Ottoman historians in the 19th century. He spent his youth in Trabzon. According to Evliya Çelebi, while he was in Trabzon, he studied jewelery manufacturing from a Greek together with his foster brother Kadı Ömer Efendi’s son Yahya. His grandpa, Ahmet II, was born to him by his uncle. Due to Bayezid’s coercion, he was able to become a sanjak bey of Kefe in July 1509, upon the reproach of his father, Prince Selim, when he was 15 years old.
During his stay in Caffa, Suleiman I observed his father’s quest for power. His father’s ascent to the throne in 1512 prepared the stage for him to become emperor. He was called to Istanbul immediately after Selim I obtained the title of king. spell his father was vying for power with his relatives, he acted as his assistant and guarded Istanbul for a spell. After murdering his brothers, Yavuz Sultan Selim dispatched Süleyman to Manisa as a sanjak ruler in April 1513. Prince Suleiman, who resided in Manisa until 1520, when he came to the throne, also served at Edirne as deputy and protector of the throne throughout his father’s excursions to the east and Egypt. Upon the death of Yavuz Sultan Selim on 21-22 September 1520, Suleiman I’s days in Manisa ended and he headed off for Istanbul upon the news conveyed by Grand Vizier Pîrî Mehmet Pasha. He ascended the throne at Istanbul on September 30, 1520, and the next day he traveled to Edirnekapı to meet his father’s body.
Increased the Number of Queens in the Council to Four
The first thing Sultan Suleiman did after attaining to the throne was to confer the title of vizier to his former lala Kasım. With Pîrî Mehmet Pasha, Mustafa Pasha and Ferhat Pasha, the number of viziers in the council climbed to four. One of Sultan Suleiman’s second key measures after coming to the throne was to cure an important social wound by releasing roughly 800 artists and notables who were banished from Tabriz and Cairo due to their fight with Shah Ismail to return to their homeland after capturing them. He also removed the ban on silk commerce with Iran and restored the losses of the merchants whose products were impounded.
He Sent the Last Caliph Mutawakkil Alellah to Egypt
Another significant deed of Sultan Suleiman, who paid considerable significance to the oversight of administrators executing public tasks, was to bring back to his nation the last Abbasid caliph, Mutawakkil Alellah, who was brought from Cairo to Istanbul by his father. Thus, in a manner, he trivialized the caliph. Since Egypt was also an Ottoman property, Mutawakkil had no worries about Alellah heading to Cairo. Because the caliphate institution was an entity that got its legitimacy from the government. As a matter of fact, throughout his reign, the concept that Sultan Suleiman was the only sultan and caliph of all Muslims grew common.
Beylerbeyi of Damascus started the first insurrection
Suleiman I met the first insurrection of his rule two months after his ascension to the throne. Former Mamluk Emir Canbirdi Gazali, who was assigned as the governor of Damascus by his father Yavuz Sultan Selim, revolted against the Ottoman Empire. The uprising, which may have become a significant danger if the Safavids supported it, was subdued in January 1521. The rapid crushing of the uprising reinforced the authority of Suleiman I.
Tahrir Records Caused Riots
While the objective of unifying the Islamic world under a single empire was mostly attained during the time of Yavuz Sultan Selim, the focus became the West again during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. The first excursion in the West was to Belgrade. 
Then, excursions to Rhodes and Hungary were arranged. He took up the determination of the state’s riches during the excursions to Hungary in 1526 and 1529, reaching to Vienna. Taxable assets in the Ottoman Empire were documented with the information recording system called Tahrir. But despite the triumphs, the public was not delighted about being registered. The Safavid State’s political-religious propaganda further increased the discontent of the population. Rebellions sprang out among the nomadic people who did not like rigorous authority. These rebellions were largely carried out by Turks residing in the Taurus foothills like as Maraş, Adana, Konya, Mersin and Niğde.
Belgrade Victory Increased Targets
Suleiman the Magnificent expanded the state’s ambitions in the west with the victory he earned in his first voyage to Belgrade. His purpose was to increase the state’s position in the West by seizing Belgrade. During the same era, there were hostilities between dynasties in the West. Hungarians, who governed Belgrade, rose to the kingdom at the age of nine. Layosh was not yet in a position to make his power felt. The voyages were of significant assistance in making the region rich. As a matter of fact, during the Belgrade battle, the roads on the army’s path were maintained and bridges were erected at river crossings. After the victory on July 7, 1521, Suleiman the Magnificent stayed in Belgrade for 18 days. Suleiman’s elation after the Belgrade triumph was clouded by the news of the death of his sons Murat and Mahmut. After the conquering of Rhodes, Suleiman the Magnificent wished to accomplish the unfinished ambition of his great grandfather, Mehmet the Conqueror. For this aim, he embarked on an excursion to Corfu, which was the first step of his plans for Italy. But his aim of seizing Rome, and hence the core of Christianity, failed. Thus, like Mehmet the Conqueror, who managed to land men at Otranto but could not complete his purpose due to his death, Suleiman the Magnificent could not receive results from his Italian mission.
Captured Rhodes
After Egypt became Ottoman property, the acquisition of Rhodes Island, located on the Cairo-Istanbul sea route, was of major importance. The navy essential for this mission was prepared by Yavuz Sultan Selim. The expedition, which begun on June 4, 1522, finished with the annexation of the island to the Ottoman realm on December 20, 1522. After the triumph, Cem Sultan’s son residing in Rhodes was located and slain, while his wife and daughters were brought to Istanbul. Upon his return from the Rhodes expedition, Suleiman the Magnificent nominated his boyhood friend Ibrahim Pasha (Makbul Ibrahim Pasha) as grand vizier. 
When the second vizier, Ahmet Pasha, who was waiting for the appointment of grand vizier, was evacuated from Istanbul with the title of governor of Egypt, the state faced an unanticipated crisis. While Suleiman the Magnificent married his sister Hatice Sultan to Ibrahim Pasha, Ahmet Pasha hoisted the banner of revolt in Cairo and had a sermon read in his honor. Although this uprising was repressed by İbrahim Pasha, dissatisfaction lingered in the court for a long time owing to the corrupt practices of the administration. While Ibrahim Pasha was seeking to establish the Ottoman government in Egypt, the fight between European powers was growing. Wanting to save King François I of France, who was taken by the German King Charles V in 1525, his mother addressed a letter to Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and appealed for aid. This letter from France became an occasion for a fresh Hungarian expedition. The Hungary mission was critically essential for Suleiman the Magnificent. His initial aim was Budapest, the capital of Hungary. If Buda was seized, it would become neighbors with the Habsburg Dynasty.
This would make the Ottoman Empire the most powerful state in the world. Therefore, Suleiman the Magnificent vowed to support the king of France. Setting out on April 23, 1526, Suleiman the Magnificent encountered the Crusader alliance in the Mohaç Plain on August 29, 1526. While the Hungarian king lost his life in the shortest pitched battle in history, the Hungarian Kingdom likewise fell into history. Thus, on September 11, 1526, Suleiman the Magnificent invaded Budapest. There was tremendous plundering when the Ottoman army reached Budapest. An major section of the city was burnt in the fire. Suleiman the Magnificent, who stayed in Budapest until September 21, returned to Istanbul after residing in Pest for a while. On his return, he ordered that the possessions and statues from the king’s residence in Pest be placed onto ships and carried to Istanbul. He also deported the city’s Jewish inhabitants to Istanbul.
Kalender Shah Rebellion broke out
While Suleiman the Magnificent was returning from his Hungary campaign, the pro-Safavid Kalender Shah uprising sprang out in Anatolia. This uprising was subdued by İbrahim Pasha’s expedition to Anatolia. However, the rioting frightened Suleiman the Magnificent. Suleiman the Magnificent, who felt that the rebellions were driven by the Safavids’ propaganda rather than economic causes, wanted to go on an eastern expedition, but the political attitude of the Habsburg Dynasty forced him to proceed carefully. Because Hungarian King II. After Layosh died at Mohács without leaving an heir, the Habsburg Dynasty claimed succession in the Hungarian realm. In response to the Habsburg Dynasty’s claim, the Hungarian nobility nominated Yanosh Zapolya, the ruler of the Transylvania province, as king on 10 November 1526.
He embarked on a campaign to Vienna
The Ottoman Empire also accepted Zapolya’s royal title, which was chosen by the Hungarian nobility, on the condition that he consented to be subordinate to it. However, when Ferdinand, supported by the Habsburg Dynasty, expelled Zapolya from Budapest on September 23, 1527, a fresh Hungarian expedition was needed. Suleiman the Magnificent was primarily thinking on protecting Budapest and assisting Zapolya. The army, which set out on a campaign on May 10, 1529, made headway with difficulty owing to terrible weather conditions and reached the Mohaç Plain in mid-August. Budin, which was besieged in late August, was conquered again on September 8. On September 14, Zapolya was anointed king again. Then, an expedition was conducted to Austrian territory and they reached Vienna on 27 September 1529. Vienna was kept under siege for 17 days. However, due to the deterioration of seasonal circumstances and the idea that it would be impossible to hold on even if seized, the siege was halted and they were repatriated.
As a matter of fact, the troops experienced enormous problems on the trip back owing to the early winter. Suleiman the Magnificent, who did not receive the anticipated outcome from the Vienna expedition, had the circumcision marriages of his sons Mustafa, Mehmet and Selim held in celebrations that started on June 18, 1530 and lasted for weeks, in order to ease the morale in the palace. Insignia of the wins achieved were displayed at the ceremonies. The seized huge tents, goods and monuments transported from Buda were lined up in the plaza. Of course, the fight for control in Hungarian territory always kept Austrian-Ottoman relations tense.
King Charles V of the Habsburg Dynasty aspired to be the only ruler of Europe. For this reason, he was continually seeking an alliance against the Ottoman Empire. Suleiman the Magnificent set off on a fresh European expedition on April 25, 1532, to fend off the menace of Charles V. In this campaign, in which it did not confront the Austrian army, no battles occurred as the Ottoman force marched as far as Gratz. This mission, which went down in history as the German mission, intended to reinforce Ottoman authority in European areas. After this trip, Hungary’s position was determined to a great extent.
A Strong Navy was Needed in the Mediterranean
While there was little might left to confront the Ottoman army on land, European kingdoms still ruled the seas. As a matter of fact, the Crusader fleet under the leadership of Andrea Doria arrived to the Peloponnese coast, seized Koron, and landed at Patras and Lepanto. This circumstance produced the necessity to bolster the Ottoman naval in the Mediterranean. During this era, Suleiman the Magnificent placed Hayrettin Reis, called Barbaros, the famed pirate of the Mediterranean, as the chief of the fleet.
Embraced the Caliphate Against the Shia Threat
Even though the frontiers of the Ottoman Empire were pushed to Tabriz during the reign of Yavuz Sultan Selim, the Shiism problem could not be addressed. The effect of Safavid dais on the Turkmens endured. Precautions had to be taken in the religious and political areas against this scenario that jeopardized state security. Against the menace of Shiism, Suleiman the Magnificent considered himself as the guardian of Islam. As a matter of fact, in the caliphate book produced by Grand Vizier Lütfi Pasha, he was portrayed with the titles of imam of the century and caliph. Against the prospect of Shiiteization of Turkmens, Hanafism was accepted as the primary philosophy of the state. In the proposed or existing legal collections, customary practices began to be interpreted on sharia grounds. Meanwhile, prosecutions of persons suspected of atheism escalated.
Suleiman the Magnificent resolved to give a strong blow to the Safavids in order to entirely eradicate this problem. For this reason, he despatched İbrahim Pasha to Iran on 21 October 1533. Meanwhile, he was profoundly upset when he lost his mother Hafsa Sultan on 19 March 1534 and Şeyhülislam Kemalpaşazade on 16 April 1534. For this reason, he was able to proceed on an expedition to Iran only on 11 June 1534. On his approach to Tabriz, he took the route of Kütahya, Konya, Kayseri, Sivas, Erzincan and Erzurum. Suleiman the Magnificent, who stayed in the cities he visited, toured the holy places and received guests, and obtained allegiance from the embassies of Uzbek and Shirvan Shah, was greeted by the inhabitants of the city in front of Tabriz on September 28, 1534. Suleiman the Magnificent remained at Tabriz for a bit and then traveled towards Baghdad. Although he had trouble in transporting his heavy artillery and expedition wagons due to the challenges presented by seasonal circumstances, he entered Baghdad with his army on November 30, 1534.
While he came here, the first thing he did was to visit the grave of Imam-i Azam, which he expressly looked for, explored the old ruins, issued instructions not to damage the residents of the city, and spent the winter here. Suleiman the Magnificent, who resided in Baghdad for four months, had the city renovated and the mausoleum of Imam-i Azam erected during this time. He also erected a mausoleum on the grave of Abdülkadir-i Geylani, a madrasa, dervish lodge cells and a mosque next to it with a soup kitchen. He traveled to Najaf and Karbala, Hz. Ali and Hz. Hussein sent a religious message against the Safavids by visiting their leaders and distributing wealth to their offspring.
Returned to Tabriz Again
Suleiman the Magnificent, who had all the holy locations renovated in order to placate the Shiites, traveled towards Tabriz again on April 21, 1535, when he heard the news that the Safavid army had invaded Van. Suleiman the Magnificent, who remained in Kirkuk for 24 days, reached Tabriz on July 3, 1535. He went about Tabriz for approximately two months to capture Shah Tahmasb, then left Tabriz on 27 August to return to Istanbul. On his voyage return to Istanbul, Suleiman the Magnificent traversed the path of Ahlat, Diyarbekir, Urfa, Aleppo, Antakya, Iskenderun and Adana.
Reaching Istanbul at the beginning of 1536, Suleiman the Magnificent understood that the Safavids could not be simply defeated despite the operations he launched. The single gain of the Iraqeyn war was the seizure of Baghdad and the loyalty of the ruler of Basra to the Ottomans. Meanwhile, in the year that Suleiman the Magnificent returned from his Iran war, Topkapi Palace experienced sorrowful happenings. Suleiman the Magnificent grew increasingly stern owing to schisms within the court. For this reason, he killed Grand Vizier İbrahim Pasha, who had been close to him since he was a prince. This choice created a profound shock to Suleiman the Magnificent.
He embarked on an excursion to Corfu
Suleiman the Magnificent, who did not receive the results he intended from the voyage against the Safavids, conducted his seventh great expedition on Corfu in order to forget the grief of killing his brother-in-law, Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha. In this voyage, France and the Ottoman army created an alliance at sea for the first time. When Suleiman the Magnificent departed Istanbul on May 17, 1537, he brought with him his sons from Hürrem Sultan, Şehzade Mehmet and Selim. However, no findings were achieved from this mission.
Thereupon, he returned to Istanbul again on September 15. Wanting to remove the evidence of the consecutive failures he had endured, Suleiman the Magnificent set out to address the power crisis that occurred in Moldavia, which was a part of the Ottoman Empire, on July 8, 1538. On August 16, the sultan proceeded to Babadağ, which is inside the boundaries of today’s Romania, and visited the Sarı Saltuk Baba Tomb there. Known for his penchant for hunting, Suleiman the Magnificent arrived Suceava, the capital city of Moldavia, on September 15, 180, after hunting in Babadağ for a spell. Rebel Voivode Petru Rareş had to escape, so the Moldavian conflict was ended. In the same operation, the Moldavian coast was also seized.
Control of the routes from Akkerman to Lviv was achieved. While Suleiman the Magnificent was on the Moldavia campaign, word of the magnificent victory at Preveza came from Barbaros Hayrettin Pasha. With this victory on September 28, 1538, the Crusader fleet under the admiralty of Andrea Doria sunk into the Mediterranean waves and the Mediterranean became a Turkish lake. Following this triumph, the treaty that terminated the hostilities with Venice was signed. The status of the Aegean islands was defined.
He Started to Escape from Topkapı Palace
Suffering by tales of intra-palace turmoil and intrigue when he was on campaign, Suleiman the Magnificent started to spend the winter seasons at Edirne after returning from the Moldavia expedition. He also conducted hunts in the woodlands stretching to Kocaeli while he was in Istanbul. At one point, he went to Bursa and visited the tombs of his forefathers, from there he proceeded to Gallipoli, hunted again and returned to Istanbul in September 1539.
When Zapolya Died, He Annexed Hungary
The death of the Hungarian King Zapolya on July 20, 1540 triggered a fight for suzerainty in Hungary. Ferdinand, who believed that the Hungarian monarchy was his right, declared himself ruler after Zapolya died. Even though Suleiman the Magnificent rejected Ferdinand’s fait accompli, when Ferdinand besieged Budin in May 1541, Suleiman the Magnificent went on a Hungarian campaign again and landed in front of Buda on 26 August 1541. In this campaign, Hungary was freed from being a dependent kingdom and Budin immediately became the center of Ottoman beylerbeylik. On September 2, the sultan arrived Budapest, held symbolic rituals signifying that this place was now an Ottoman city, and appointed nominations for its administration. Then, he executed the policy of merging the old Hungarian regions, centered in Budapest, under his own power.
This operation was announced as a conquest to the whole Ottoman country. After Suleiman the Magnificent returned from the Hungary campaign, Ferdinand did not sit inactive and made steps to alter the balance in his favor. For this reason, he felt the necessity to embark on an expedition to Hungary again in 1542. Because the Habsburg Dynasty did not give up on its aim to capture Hungary. For this reason, he grabbed his son Bayezid and headed out on an expedition to consolidate the Budin governorship. At the end of this war, he added the fortresses of Peç, Şikloş and Esztergon to the Ottoman territories. Thus, Budapest’s security perimeter was pushed further west. What overshadowed Suleiman’s success was the death of his son Mehmet, who was a prince at Manisa, on 6 November 1543. Suleiman the splendid, who gave the Ottoman Empire its most splendid time, visited the towns where his sons were princes whenever he had the opportunity. As a matter of fact, he visited his son Selim, whom he considered to be his successor, in Manisa in 1544.
Meanwhile, he entirely overlooked his eldest son Mustafa. He named his son-in-law Rüstem as grand vizier on 2 December 1544. Rüstem Pasha’s becoming the grand vizier considerably boosted his wife Hürrem in the quest for dominance within the palace. On the other side, following Budin, Yemen was proclaimed a beylerbey and was directly connected to Istanbul.
He Turned to Iran Again
Having concentrated his attention on the West for a long time, Suleiman the Magnificent took action again to address the difficulties that could not be settled with Iran. When Shah Tahmasb’s brother Elkas Mirza took asylum in Ottoman territory, Suleiman the Magnificent felt he had this opportunity. Shah Tahmasb’s pressure on Shirvan, the applications of the Sunni people, the requests for help from the Uzbeks, along with reasons such as being the protector of the Islamic world and the strengthening of the understanding of the caliphate, forced the sultan to embark on a new eastern expedition despite his advanced age. Before taking off from Istanbul, he performed a general review with Elkas Mirza and set off from Istanbul on 29 March 1548. Suleiman the Magnificent, who entered Tabriz on 27 July 1548 via Adilcevaz and Hoy, remained in this city until 1 August.
During his stay in Tabriz, Shah Tahmasb did not come before Suleiman the Magnificent as in the first occasion. Meanwhile, on his return from Tabriz, he dispatched Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha to capture the Van Castle. After Van was seized on 24 August 1548, the city was proclaimed the center of the beylerbeylik. Suleiman the Magnificent went to Diyarbakır on 29 September 1548 to spend the winter since the season was not favorable to return to Istanbul. After remaining there for two months, he traveled to Aleppo. He stayed here for roughly six months and during this period he heard word of victory from Yemen. Meanwhile, Shah Tahmasb raided the Erciş, Ahlat and Adilcevaz districts and murdered the Ottoman troops who erected the Kars Castle. In retaliation, the sultan despatched Elkas Mirza to loot and destroy places as far as Qum and Kashan. Elkas advanced as far as Shiraz with the men under his command, Van Beylerbeyi İskender Pasha seized Hoy, and Vizier Kara Ahmet Pasha was tasked to the Georgian expedition.
The sultan, who got the extremely costly presents, illuminated books and valuable textiles provided by Elkas along with the news from him, also invited his son Prince Bayezid to him, engaged in extended hunting festivals with him, and on this occasion journeyed as far as Hama. When the campaign season began, he proceeded to Diyarbekir again, and after seeing the operation against the Safavids, he chose to return to Istanbul at the demand of the troops. When Suleiman the Magnificent could not receive the results he intended from the second Iranian expedition, he resolved to strengthen military actions against the Safavids along the border. As a matter of fact, for this aim, Hakkari and Van were connected to the governorship.
Signs of Old Age Began After 1550
Suleiman the Magnificent liked Edirne more than Istanbul. Therefore, he preferred staying in Edirne Palace better. With the consequence of not achieving the outcomes he planned from the Iran mission, he opted to proceed to Edirne instead of Istanbul. When he aged 56, he started to feel fatigued. Parallel to the power struggle between his sons, the influence of Hürrem Sultan and Rüstem Pasha over Suleiman the Magnificent expanded dramatically. His primary worry is his granddad II. It was to face the same fate as Bayezid.
As a matter of fact, in a letter he sent to the Palace of Spain, Vicento Buchia of Kataro described the sultan as very furious and unhappy, stating that he was in a melancholy mood, and indicated that Hürrem Sultan had prepared opium medications to make him happy and calm down. As a matter of fact, the information in the reports dated 1551 that the sultan did not interfere with Hürrem Sultan’s intervention in state affairs and that, under her influence, he entrusted the navy to Sinan Pasha, the brother of his son-in-law Rüstem Pasha, gives an idea about the situation of the administration.
He strangled his son Mustafa
The Austrians in the west and the Safavids in the east were striving to wear down the Ottoman Empire. The Austrians, who wished to win back the regions they lost to the Ottomans, were plotting raids along the frontier. For this reason, a second mission to Hungary was in question. However, Suleiman the Magnificent did not become the leader of the army. Because the onslaught of the Safavids in the east was more menacing. Likewise, speculations were rife that his son Mustafa in Amasya would replace his father.
Mustafa also demonstrated conduct that confirmed the assumptions of others around him. He also felt that his father was unwell and was not capable of leading the state. He thought that he had a claim to the throne since he was the eldest of his siblings. This circumstance benefitted the team of Hürrem Sultan and Rüstem Pasha, who planned to assassinate him and prepare the way for one of their sons to the throne, and the sultan entirely neglected his son. Suleiman the Magnificent, who departed Istanbul on August 28, 1553 to embark on a second expedition to Iran, particularly targeted Mustafa. During the way, he frequently heard numerous tales and bad propaganda of Mustafa’s adversaries. He took his ailing kid Cihangir with him.
When he arrived at Yenişehir on September 8, he was welcomed by his other son Bayezid. On October 4, when he was at Konya Ereğlisi, Prince Mustafa came to his father. The next day, as he entered the tent to see his father, he discovered the executioners in front of him. Suleiman the Magnificent hurried his expedition to Iran to counter the emotions that would occur from the assassination of Mustafa, who was immensely adored by the populace and the Janissaries. Suleiman the Magnificent, who removed Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha on the route to the battle and replaced him with Kara Ahmet Pasha, entered Aleppo on 8 November 1553. But 19 days after being here, he lost his son Cihangir. Losing his two kids one after another forced Suleiman the Magnificent to lose his pleasure of life. Despite this, he did not lose his determination to march against the Safavids.
Suleiman the Magnificent, who resided in Aleppo for five months, entered Diyarbakır on 12 May 1554. He convened the grand war council here, delivered speeches to raise the spirit of the soldiers, and then traveled to Kars, where he declared war against the Safavids. On July 13, he went to Yerevan, currently the capital of Armenia, and thoroughly demolished the surrounding territory. From then he moved to Nakhchivan on July 28 and demolished this area as well. Suleiman the Magnificent’s purpose was to exact retribution for the devastation and destruction perpetrated by the Safavids in the Ottoman domains. Meanwhile, substantial gains were accomplished on the highway from Çoruh Valley to Kirkuk. However, as the season coincided with winter, he took a pause from his Iran journey to resume in 1555. He did not return to Istanbul and spent the winter in Amasya.
Peace was made with the Safavids
During the 7-month time that Suleiman the Magnificent resided at Amasya, Amasya became the center of the state. The ambassador made his reception here. He signed the agreements here. Safavid Ruler Tahmasb despatched the diplomat Kemaleddin Ferruhzad Bey and presented a peace offer. The Ottoman-Safavid agreement was signed on June 1, 1555. Religious matters were prioritized in the stipulations of the peace deal. In the letter he addressed to Tahmasb, Suleiman the Magnificent declared that the Shiites who were extreme from the Safavids were against Hz. He claimed that he anticipated his blasphemy against Aisha and the three caliphs to be forbidden. With this agreement, the Ottoman-Safavid boundaries were also set. Meanwhile, the drowning of Prince Mustafa had also galvanized some mad individuals. While Suleiman the Magnificent was on his Iran expedition, someone claiming to be Prince Mustafa came near Thessaloniki. This individual, who was named Düzmece Mustafa in history, collected around him people who believed that he was a prince. Suleiman the Magnificent was able to defeat the Düzmece Mustafa insurrection only after returning from the Iran expedition.
He Suffered with Gout
In the last 10 years of his reign, Suleiman the Magnificent suffered significantly from nikris illness, better known as gout. Some historians have believed that Suleiman the Magnificent got more devoted to Hürrem Sultan because to this sickness. It has also been alleged that his allegiance to Hürrem Sultan had an influence on his execution of Kara Ahmet Pasha on 29 September 1555 and his replacement with Rüstem Pasha. Thus, the trio of Hürrem Sultan, Mihrimah Sultan and Rüstem Pasha came to the fore in state affairs.
Suleymaniye Mosque Completed in 1557
One of the most important accomplishments that conferred the glory of sultanate to Suleiman the Magnificent was the inauguration of the Suleymaniye Mosque. Suleymaniye Mosque, whose construction took six years, was inaugurated for prayer on June 7, 1557.
Shah Tahmasb’s envoy was also present for the ceremony with his gifts. Two months after the opening, Kanuni returned to Edirne. However, due to the serious illness that Hürrem Sultan caught, she arrived to Istanbul again in February 1558. Hürrem Sultan died away in mid-April. The death of Hürrem Sultan, who was a major support for him, caused considerable anguish in Suleiman the Magnificent. Meanwhile, the fight for suzerainty between his sons Beyazıt and Selim also prompted Suleiman the Magnificent to worry for the future of the empire. For this reason, he postponed his intended excursion to Hungary.
A Social Crisis Arose
While the state was achieving wins abroad, domestic issues progressively arose. Increasing social and economic troubles since the 1550s were the first indicators of the social catastrophe that would arise in the long run. In addition, the sultan’s lengthy rule eventually led to a tiredness coming from monotony among both the people and the state levels, which was burning from inside but had not yet burst up. The fact that the anticipation of a new beginning had an influence on the public perception was clear in the Düzmece Mustafa event that took place following the execution of Prince Mustafa.
On the other side, hostility against the center rose among Sufi communities. In a treatise produced during this era, the corrupt nature of society, injustice, bribery and decreased religious conviction are stressed. Birgivî’s similar beliefs seem to have impacted the sultan’s circle and the palace. As a matter of fact, the sultan, who considered himself as the bearer of a harsher Sunni understanding, likewise followed a harsh religious understanding in these volatile years. He dispersed the entertainment troupe around him, had the instruments destroyed, eliminated gold and silver plates, and put a general prohibition on making and consuming alcohol. The order he released in 1546 for the five daily prayers to be done in congregation is also essential in understanding his perspective on this problem.
Prince Bayezid Had to Escape to Iran
Suleiman the Magnificent wished to stay impartial on the rule of Selim or Bayezid after him. He even moved them further inland from where they were, to prove that he was at an equal distance from them. Selim traveled to Konya, Bayezid headed to Amasya. This incident was essentially a precursor of a secret choice. Bayezid did not accept his move from Kütahya to Amasya, and ascribed this to his brother being chosen over him. Although the Sultan despatched the fourth vizier, Pertev Pasha, to Bayezid to handle the situation, the prince was not in a condition to listen to advise.
The sultan, having got a very severe and frightening letter from his son, met Selim. Prince Selim, who quietly heeded the teachings of Sokollu Mehmet Pasha, the third vizier he assigned to him, garnered his father’s respect. When Bayezid recognized that the situation was fully against him, he began to recruit rifle-armed troops called “yevmlü”. Selim completed his military preparations in line with his father’s directions. The fight fought by the two brothers in the Konya plain on May 30, 1559 ended against Bayezid. Bayezid, who lost the war, fled to Amasya. When Suleiman the Magnificent traveled to Üsküdar on June 5, 1559 to march against him with his army in order to punish his son, Bayezid, who was apprised of the situation, fled to Iran. Thereupon, Suleiman the Magnificent returned to the palace. However, Shah Tahmasb made substantial compromises and pleaded for the return of his son. Tahmasb returned Bayezid in exchange for a substantial quantity of money and the Kars Castle. The prince was killed together with his sons on July 23, 1562, and the remains were transported to Sivas and buried.
His primary pastime was hunting
Starting from 1560, Suleiman the Magnificent chose a peaceful existence because to his old age and sickness. After executing Bayezid, he began to spend more time in Istanbul. He spent much of his day hunting. His enthusiasm for hunting remained until he could no longer ride a horse. In truth, during a hunt on August 21, 1563, when the heavy rain created a major flood, he was caught in the flood waters in the İskender Çelebi Garden in Yeşilköy and was spared from death at the last minute. After this risk, he had the aqueducts in Istanbul restored. Like other emperors of his day, he exhibited his splendor to the people via hunting and turned it into a vehicle of legitimacy. Both on this occasion and during his extended journeys, he learned to know many parts of his realm. He saw various sites in the east and west and visited cities and villages. In this regard, he was the last Ottoman emperor to know his realm by visiting it personally.
Meanwhile, following Rüstem Pasha’s death in 1561, only his adored daughter Mihrimah Sultan was left with Suleiman the Magnificent, and he gave enormous weight to her remarks. What drove Suleiman the Magnificent from his placid existence in Istanbul was the Maltese loss in 1565. This defeat inflicted significant harm to the image of the Ottoman Empire in the west. Suleiman the Magnificent intended to eradicate the negative remnants of this and also to demonstrate his followers that authority and power were still in his hands. Because the people were badly impacted by the power struggle between Selim and Bayezid and the siege of Malta. Rumors from Sufi circles also reinforced this hostility. Suleiman the Magnificent created a military plan with Sokollu Mehmet Pasha in order to neutralize this myth, which he thought threatening for the future of the realm.
The goal was Zigetvar and Eğri fortresses. The army, which started out from Istanbul on May 1, 1566, was able to reach Belgrade in late June. He received King Yanosh Sigismond of Transylvania, which was allied with the Ottoman Empire, at Belgrade. Then he marched to Zigetvar with his troops and issued the order to siege it. During the siege, Suleiman the Magnificent’s tent was constructed on a high spot in the north of the city. Meanwhile, Suleiman’s disease grew in severity. He passed suddenly on the night of 6-7 September 1566, when the siege was ongoing. His death was kept from the military. His internal organs were removed and his body was briefly buried under the throne to keep it from stinking from the heat.
After the fortress was taken, Suleiman the Magnificent’s death was hidden. When they set out to return to Istanbul, his body was discreetly retrieved from the grave where he had been buried for 42 days and put on the royal carriage, and the sultan was treated as if he were alive on the voyage. Finally, the new sultan II, to whom news had been given earlier. Upon Selim’s arrival in Belgrade, the news of his death was publicly revealed. When he landed in Istanbul, his burial service was held for the third time on November 23 at the Suleymaniye Mosque, and following the funeral prayer performed by Sheikhulislam Ebussuud Efendi, he was buried in his tomb close to the mosque.
He constructed a state that left its stamp on its period
The 42-year reign of dominance of Suleiman the Magnificent is considered the finest period of the Ottoman Empire. All the troubles suffered were forgotten, and in every crisis phase, there was a propensity to depict the Suleiman period as a golden age. In reality, 19th century Ottoman historians classified the heyday of Suleiman the Magnificent as a time of the heyday of Bliss. In reality, Suleiman the Magnificent actually made his stamp on the 16th century, and the Ottomans became the empire of Europe with a worldwide understanding. The intellectual roots of the Ottoman Empire were also formed in this time. The same time was also crucial in the creation of contemporary Europe. During this time, the influence of the Ottoman Empire expanded from North Africa to Abyssinia, from Yemen to India, from the Russian steppes to Poland. The Mughal Empire, the Central Asian khanates, and other Muslim sultanates of India also turned their focus to the Ottoman Empire, which was battling alone against the West. Shah Tahmasb, who frequently produced issues for the Ottoman Empire in the east, also addressed Suleiman the Magnificent as “Hazret-i Hünkar”.
He even asserted that he did not express any enmity towards the Christian world as a prerequisite of religion during his fights against the Christian culture in the West. However, throughout Suleiman the Magnificent’s reign, which lasted over half a century, social friction occasionally reached a level that stretched the administration and became the cause of many negativities whose ramifications would continue over to the following years. However, this crisis was masked by major military triumphs. Suleiman the Magnificent, who put the interests of the state above all else, did not hesitate to sacrifice even his own family for this goal.
The events of Prince Mustafa and Bayezid are portrayed as instances of this. The notions of “health” and “state” formed the main foundations of his existence, as in the couplet “There is no object that is respected among the people like the state. The state is like a breath of health in the world.” His passion in poetry is also renowned. Kanuni, who authored around 3000 poems and had a divan, adopted the alias “Muhibbi”. This nickname suggests that he is committed to God with the sincerity of a dervish, and also has a sensitive approach of love towards his people. Suleiman the Magnificent also safeguarded the intellectuals and artists of his day.
Kemalpaşazade, Ebussuud Efendi, Celalzade Mustafa and Salih Çelebiler, Taşköprüzade Ahmet Efendi, Kınalızade Ali Efendi, “Mülteka’lebhur” author İbrahim el-Halebi, Muhyiddin Muhammed Karabağî, Abdullah b. In addition to philosophers and jurists such as Şeyh İbrahim Şebüsterî and Birgivî, the most well-known poets of Turkish literature, Baki, Fuzuli, Zati, Hayali Bey, Taşlıcalı Yahya, Lamii Çelebi, existed during his reign. When he succeeded to the throne, his three sons, whose names are known, were alive and were born from Mahidevran. Two of them, Murat and Mahmut, died in 1521, leaving just six-year-old Mustafa.
The very following year, his children with Hürrem Sultan were born. Between 1522 and 1531, Hürrem Sultan had six surviving offspring, one of them was a female. These were Mehmet, Mihrimah, Abdullah, who died at an early age, Selim, Bayezid and Cihangir. Thus, starting from 1522, Süleyman’s passion to Hürrem Sultan intensified and he legally married her, contrary to customs. A Venetian source claims that this situation was communicated to the people, but they were not pleased with it and this was the basis for the enmity towards Hürrem Sultan. The circumstance in question was the first practice of becoming a sultan’s bride while being a concubine in Ottoman history. This condition in the palace soon became the cause of political faction. It was Suleiman the Magnificent who initiated the time of groom great viziers.
Grand Viziers İbrahim, Lütfi and Kara Ahmet Pasha with their sisters Hatice, Şah Sultan and Fatma Sultan; Likewise, Rüstem Pasha was married to his daughter, and his final two grand viziers, Semiz Ali and Sokollu Mehmet Pasha, were married to their grandchildren, Hümâşah and İsmihan. He also opted to solidify his power by marrying four daughters of his son Selim and one daughter of Mehmet to viziers. This technique was criticized a lot in later eras. Because throughout time, the political weight of family members on the state has risen. During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, Mimar Sinan built various constructions. Süleymaniye Mosque and Complex is a typical example of these constructions. Suleiman the Magnificent also finished the Sultan Selim Mosque, the building of which he begun in the honor of his father Selim.
The mosques and amenities he erected for his sons Mehmet and Cihangir are also an essential element of this movement. To this can be added the Edirnekapı and Üsküdar mosques of his daughter Mihrimah Sultan, and the Haseki Sultan Mosque and Social Complex established in the name of Hürrem Sultan. Istanbul’s rivers named Kırk Çeşme are his work. Büyükçekmece Bridge, constructed by Mimar Sinan, is an architectural marvel. Haseki Sultan Mosque and Social Complex, established in the name of Hürrem Sultan, can be added. Istanbul’s rivers named Kırk Çeşme are his work. Büyükçekmece Bridge, constructed by Mimar Sinan, is an architectural marvel. Haseki Sultan Mosque and Social Complex, established in the name of Hürrem Sultan, can be added. Istanbul’s rivers named Kırk Çeşme are his work. Büyükçekmece Bridge, constructed by Mimar Sinan, is an architectural marvel.