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Biography of Orson Welles

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Biography of Orson Welles

There are several myths surrounding the life of American actor and filmmaker Orson Welles. A critic who said something negative about the play was cursed by the voodoo sorcerers who performed in his theatrical presentation of Macbeth, and the poor man passed away unexpectedly. Because Orson’s radio adaptation of H.G. Wells’s War of the Worlds was so accurate, it sent a shockwave through the American public.

Childhood

The filmmaker was born in the Wisconsin town of Kenosha in May 1915. The boy was raised by artistic parents: his father was a self-taught mechanic and the creator of the bicycle light, while his mother was a pianist. Wells’s father passed away from alcoholism when his son was fifteen years old, leaving him an orphan at a young age.

The filmmaker experimented with a variety of jobs during his adolescence, such as illustrating Shakespeare’s writings and engaging in bullfighting in Spanish arenas.

When Orson made his theatrical debut at the age of sixteen at Dublin’s Gate Theater, he informed the director that he was a Hollywood star. The theater owner was so taken aback by Wells’s impudence that he gave the young guy a chance and thought highly of his performance. At the age of 19, Orson directed his first short film, “Heart of the Wind,” and secured a position in American radio.

Individual existence

The director’s personal life was turbulent; he had a snub nose his entire life and became obese as he grew older (at the age of 38, Orson weighed 120 kg at a height of 187 cm). Three legal marriages were consummated by the filmmaker: the first at the age of 19 with the socialite and actress Virginia Nicholson from Chicago; the second with actress Rita Hayworth; and the third with Paola Mori, an artist and heiress of Italian aristocracy.

Because of Orson’s adultery, each of the formal unions terminated after around five years. He stopped their relationship, but did not formally divorce Paola.

When Wells first saw Rita Hayworth on screen, he instantly fell in love. The director sat on her porch every night in an attempt to woo the beauty. The woman left her husband for Orson’s sake, but neither that nor Rita’s intense love nor the arrival of her daughter Rebecca stopped the man from going on another binge. The director had three children in total, one from each of his wives: Christopher, Rebecca, and Beatrice.

Orson also had long-term relationships with the Croatian-Hungarian artist Oja Kodar and the Mexican actress Dolores del Rio. Wells was able to turn the heads of many women, including Francoise Sagan and Marlene Dietrich.

Movies

For many years, reviewers have regarded Orson Welles’ Citizen Kane as the greatest movie ever made. Welles’s movie was eclipsed in the 1990s by Frank Darabont’s Shawshank Redemption in terms of box office receipts.

The paradox lies in the fact that Darabont’s masterwork is based on a Stephen King story titled “Rita Hayworth and the Shawshank Redemption,” which has Orson’s second wife’s name and surname. The protagonist’s cell had a poster hanging over the hole he had dug out, with a picture of the star.

The narrative of “Citizen Kane” centers on a journalist’s inquiry into a media mogul’s final remarks. The final frames of the scene provide the audience the meaning of the word, but it’s still unclear to the amateur investigator. However, the journalist fills in the holes in the tycoon’s life story and his moral decline. Wells thought that his best picture was “The Trial,” which was based on Franz Kafka’s writings, rather than “Citizen Kane.”

Falsification is a common theme in Orson’s motion pictures. A rich man hires a young smuggler in the movie “Mr. Arkadin,” ostensibly to recreate a forgotten past, but in reality, to make the past disappear.

This movie also explores the issue of forgeries. Shakespeare’s plays, around half of which he knew by heart, were another passion of the filmmaker.

Despite its box office failure, Wells’ The Lady from Shanghai is now regarded as a masterpiece and the only noir comedy in movie history. Later critics and directors, such Lars von Trier, were impressed by the funhouse shootout sequence, and Woody Allen referenced it in his movie “Murder in Manhattan.” Rita Hayworth, Orson’s second wife, and Orson himself played the major parts in the movie.

Death

On October 10, 1985, Orson passed away concurrently with actor Yul Brynner, another legendary figure in American cinema.

A heart attack was the cause of death. In an appearance with Merv Griffin’s talk program two hours before he passed away, the filmmaker referred to Rita Hayworth as one of the most compassionate ladies in the world.

Unexpectedly, 33 years after his passing, Welles’s filmography has grown. The director started filming “The Other Side of the Wind” in 1980, and it made its Venice Film Festival debut on August 31, 2018. The film’s soundtrack represented Michel Legrand’s final major composition. Legrand and Welles worked together to create the film “F as Fake.”

Biography of Humphrey Bogart

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Biography of Humphrey Bogart

For viewers, Humphrey Bogart came to represent the archetypal film noir hero. With his combination of brutality, charm, and masterful screen acting, the actor was crowned the greatest actor in American film history. The public is still delighted by the visuals the man produced. Bogart’s primary character is a lone cynic whose intense emotions gradually surface.

Childhood

The actor was born into a devout family on December 25, 1899, in New York. It was thought to be contentious what day was officially Humphrey’s birthdate. Journalists surmised that the movie studio concocted it in order to further romanticize the performer’s image, which is highly regarded in America. According to the articles, Bogart was actually born on January 23, 1899, not on Christmas Day.

The boy’s birth certificate was missing, which further complicated matters. Nevertheless, 1900 New York Census records revealed that the child was in fact a “Christmas gift” to his family. Belmont DeForrest, Humphrey’s father, was a surgeon who operated on the heart and lungs.

A well-known illustrator for advertisements is Mother Maud. It was unusual at the time for a woman to be both autonomous and earn twice as much as her husband. The girls Frances and Katherine Elizabeth were the family’s other two offspring. The actor then acknowledged in an interview that the parents did not lavish the children with love.

The youngster attended private schools for his elementary schooling, but he did not fare well academically. Belmont and Maud sent their kid to Phillips Academy in the hopes that Yale University would accept him afterward. Nevertheless, the young man was dismissed from the school in 1918.

Individual existence

The public was quite interested in learning more about the Hollywood artist’s personal life. The actor chose an actress as his wife in each of his four marriages. Humphrey wed Helen Mencken for the first time. The youthful couple remained friends even after their 1926 marriage ended in divorce in 1927. The artist married Mary Philips in 1928, thus he did not live alone for very long.

The woman proved to be a tough and irritable person, and their marriage lasted only until 1937. By then, Bogart was a Hollywood movie star, already well-known, and his stubborn wife was unwilling to leave New York. Moreover, the performer’s marriage to Mayo Meto, his third wife, did not succeed. In addition to being an alcoholic, the actress acted out violent jealousy scenarios. 1938 saw the end of the marriage in 1945.

Humphrey could not find family bliss until he married the lovely Lauren Bacall, his fourth spouse. In1944, the couple got together on the set of the movie To Have and Have Not. The girl was nineteen at the time, and her companion was forty-five. The gorgeous blonde with high cheekbones and green eyes drew the man in right away. Between the actors, there was not simply passion but also a strong emotional bond.

Because Bogart was married, the duo was unable to date in public. The pair wrote each other heartfelt messages after splitting up following the shoot. Following their second movie together, the detective story “Deep Sleep,” the actor made the decision to pursue a divorce. Lauren and I got married on May 21, 1945. The newlyweds gaze lovingly at one another in the still-existing pictures.

Following the festivities, the pair made Los Angeles their home and carried on with their acting careers. Humphrey’s wife gave birth to a son, Stephen, in 1949, and a daughter, Leslie Howard, in 1952. The artist passed away in 1957, but the pair had a wonderful marriage. Bacall maintained her composure even though the man was surrounded by the first Hollywood beauties (Eleanor Parker and Marilyn Monroe) on the set.

Movies

The young man was lured to the stage even though his family thought acting was a lowly and frivolous profession. The man got assistance in landing a job in the theater from a friend, Bill Brady, whose father was a theater producer. Bogart participated in Broadway productions in the early 1920s, often portraying romantic supporting roles.

He debuted on screen in the motion picture “Dancing City.” Other movies, including “The Petrified Forest,” in which the man starred with Bette Davis, came after it. Leslie Howard, who produced the movie, is the man the actor named his daughter after. Early Humphrey was primarily known for his work in category B films, detective stories in which he portrayed a valiant cynic with noble qualities and a sense of self-irony.

The artwork did not sit well with the creator. Bogart didn’t feel comfortable in his detective character until after The Maltese Falcon came out. The movie “Casablanca,” in which the talented Ingrid Bergman played Bogie’s partner (as the actor was known in Hollywood), was a turning point in his career. Oscar-winning film that helped Humphrey rise to the top of the Warner Brothers star list.

The actor received an invitation from director John Huston to feature in the movie The African Queen in 1951. He collaborated with Katharine Hepburn on the set. The crew didn’t have typical living or eating arrangements while filming in Africa. Many people soon contracted dysentery. Only Bogie and Houston, who consumed a lot of booze and only ate canned food, were spared from the illness.

The challenges were exacerbated by the heat. Nevertheless, Humphrey won an Oscar for his performance as Charlie Allnutt, and the movie ended up being expressive and thrilling. During his latter years, the actor was able to appear in a few movies, including the drama “Barefoot Graphics,” in which he starred with the stunning Ava Gardner, and the romantic comedy “Sabrina,” costarring Audrey Hepburn.

Death

The performer’s health was quickly declining by the mid-1950s; he was having trouble eating and was coughing all the time. On January 14, 1957, Bogart passed away. He weighed 36 kg and measured 173 cm the night before he left. Cancer of the esophagus was the cause of death. The actor’s remains were cremated, and an urn containing his ashes was interred in a Forest Lawn Cemetery burial.

 

Biography of Charlie Chaplin

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Biography of Charlie Chaplin

Decades after his passing, Charlie Chaplin’s legacy as one of the greatest actors of all time endures. The audience still views the silent film pioneer, who became even more successful in the sound era, as a lovable, foolish Tramp who took over the globe. He continued to be a learned, devout gentleman throughout his life, but he also succeeded in making everyone laugh at his hero.

Childhood

Charlie Chaplin, whose real name is Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin, was born in April 1889. He was the first kid of a family of London Music Hall pop performers. Hannah had her first son, Sidney Hill, prior to her union with Charlie’s father, Charles Spencer Chaplin. One specific Jew named Hawks was his father. However, Sydney Hill, like his half-brother Charlie, was given the surname Chaplin upon his mother’s marriage.

Charlie’s early years were spent in happiness with his brother Sid. My father enjoyed enormous popularity. He toured all across Europe, was a frequent guest at London music halls, and had a nice baritone voice. However, Chaplin Sr.’s alcoholism quickly got worse, and he passed away in a hospital in London at the age of 37.

Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin (1889 – 1977) the English film actor and director. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)

Hannah, who was now widowed, carried on doing music hall performances despite experiencing laryngitis. Charlie, five, who his mother took with her everywhere, had to take her place one day. The child got up on stage and started singing when the woman was unable to finish the song.

Embarrassed onlookers hurled coins and notes at him. After he stopped singing, Charles gathered money to the audience’s amusement before finishing the show. That may have been the start of his imaginative biography.

Then his boyhood came to an end. Hannah could no longer put up a show. She quickly went insane and was admitted to a mental health facility when the boy was seven years old. Sid and Charlie were placed in an orphanage. The younger brother got admitted to the dance company “Eight Lancashire Lads” at the age of nine. In 1900, he made audiences laugh for the first time by playing a cat in a Christmas pantomime.

Charlie, however, quit the group a year later. He just did not have time for school or study because he had to work to make ends meet. The child labored wherever he was employed, selling newspapers, assisting hospital nurses, and working at a printing company.

At fourteen years old, Chaplin’s dream career came true when he was cast as a courier in the Sherlock Holmes performance and was given a permanent job in the theater. Notably, the boy needed help from his brother Sid to learn the role because he was illiterate.

Movies

Charlie, at 19 years old, was admitted to the Fred Karno Theater in 1908, where sketches and pantomimes were produced for English music halls. The young man quickly rose to prominence as the star of most plays. Carnot’s troupe embarked on an American tour two years later. Chaplin then made the decision to remain in the United States.

Mack Sennett saw his act one day. The artist was recruited to work at the American film producer’s Keystone studio because he was so impressed with the game. A deal with Chaplin was struck in September 1913, wherein the studio agreed to give him a weekly compensation of $150.

For the artist, things were not easy when he was younger. Sennett thought Charlie’s hiring was rash, and he even considered firing him. However, the Englishman rose to prominence as an actor a year later. The audience adored Mack, this unpolished, spontaneous hero. However, when the artist strayed from the producer’s imagined persona, he became even more fascinating.

Charlie was asked by Mac one day to apply new makeup for the comedy movie “Children’s Car Racing.” Subsequently, the artist created a new image that the public is now familiar with. Given his height, these broad pants were absurd, together with a business card-style jacket that was too tight, a little bowler hat, enormous boots that were worn incorrectly, and a mustache.

And so the Little Tramp character came to be. Charlie noticed a cane that had been added to it over time in one of his father’s pictures. The tramp shot to fame right away. However, when the actor became well-known, he started to believe that he could be a better director and screenwriter than his managers.

In 1914, Chaplin released his debut motion picture, Caught in the Rain. He performed as an actor and a scriptwriter here as well. Chaplin received $10,000 per contract from Essenay Film, as opposed to $1,250 a week from Keystone Studios, when he was fired.

Mutual Film offered the artist even higher compensation in 1916–1917: $150,000 per contract and $10,000 per week. Charlie became the most expensive performer of his era when he signed a $1 million deal with the First National studio in 1917.

Chaplin founded United Artists, his own film studio, in 1919. He was employed there until he was compelled to permanently depart America in the early 1950s.

The audience wasn’t thrilled with every performance by the artist. The movie “Parisian Woman” was received coolly by the audience. In this psychological play, Chaplin made a brief cameo appearance. The inclination to view the Little Tramp’s most cherished picture won out. However, critics acknowledged Charlie’s writing talent and enjoyed his new work. When “The Circus” was released in the middle to late 1920s, the public reacted favorably to it. The artist was to experience triumph in his home city of London as well as in Paris, where he traveled to twice in the ensuing twenty years.

The cinematic mastermind’s films contain a number of cult moments. One of these is the film “City Lights”‘s ending, when the hero’s face alternately conveys the spectrum of emotions he is feeling at that particular instant while he gazes at his sweetheart. Another is the bun-dancing scene from “The Gold Rush,” which was later referenced by Johnny Depp in “Benny and June,” Robert Downey Jr. in “Chaplin,” and Anna Karina in “The Outsiders.” Hitler became the ruthless adversary of the artist when Chaplin’s character in The Great Dictator danced with the globe.

Chaplin’s passion for boxing was evident in his work and he never disguised it. This sport was the subject of distinct sequences, short films, and the movies “Knockout,” “Champion,” and others. The artist had friendships with Primo Carnera, also known as the Walking Mountain, and Jack Dempsey, who Mike Tyson subsequently looked up to.

Persecutors

Persecution of the director started after Chaplin’s first sound picture, The Great Dictator, was released. He was charged with adhering to communist ideology and engaging in anti-American actions. The FBI’s chief investigator, Edgar Hoover, increased the number of dossiers that were compiled about the artist starting in the 1930s.

When Charlie filmed Monsieur Verdoux in the 1940s, the persecution reached its height. Censorship made it illegal. Proof of guilt came to light for the artist. They accused him of being a Jew and a covert communist, as well as being indifferent to his host nation (the actor never embraced US citizenship). We delved into our private lives, airing our unclean laundry. Nevertheless, Monsieur Verdoux received an Oscar nomination for best writing.

In 1952, the artist was expelled from the United States after traveling to London for the London premiere of his film Footlights. Hoover succeeded in getting immigration officials to forbid Chaplin from entering the country again. Charlie made his home in Vevey, Switzerland. Because he thought he may be deported, he gave his wife power of attorney over his estate. And she relocated to Switzerland with her kids after selling everything.

Last years

Chaplin kept up his creative work in Switzerland. For some of his silent films, he composed music. The actor and filmmaker received the International Peace Prize in 1954.

“A King in New York” was his final black-and-white picture and the first to be shot in his own country of Great Britain. It was not until 1973 that the movie was screened in the US. Even Chaplin acknowledged that he made this choice. However, he was certain that US censorship would not have permitted the movie’s release.

Subsequently, the artist released autobiographies, which served as the inspiration for the 1992 biographical film “Chaplin.” A Countess from Hong Kong, Chaplin’s final motion picture, was released in 1967. In 1972, Charlie was able to return to the United States. His temporary visa to attend the Oscars was granted. The director was awarded this second trophy. Three years later, Chaplin was knighted by British Queen Elizabeth II.

Individual existence

In his private life, Charlie Chaplin has been married four times and has twelve children, one of whom was identified through genetic testing as his step-brother. Mildred Harris, an actress, was his first spouse. Their two-year cohabitation was short lived. Norman, their first child, passed away practically right away.

For four years, Chaplin shared a home with Lita Gray, his second wife. The 16-year-old Lita had to be taken to Mexico by the artist in order for their marriage to be legally consummated. Sidney Earle Chaplin and Charles Chaplin Jr. were the sons of this union. They both went on to have successful careers in film. The older man’s relationship with Marilyn Monroe is well-known. Lita received enormous compensation from the artist throughout the divorce process, ranging from $700 to 850 thousand, based on multiple estimations.

From 1932 until 1940, Chaplin shared a home with Paulette Goddard, his third wife. Following her divorce, Paulette relocated to Switzerland and wed author Erich Maria Remarque.

Una O’Neill is the British artist’s fourth wife. The couple got married in 1943. Una’s husband was 36 years older than her. They cohabitated until Chaplin’s passing. Three sons and five daughters were born into this union. The comedian turned 72 years old when the last child was born. The artist acknowledged in his later years that he would not have experienced issues with women if he had met his present wife sooner.

Geraldine, Charlie’s eldest daughter, became an actress by following in her father’s footsteps. Her name is linked to a heartfelt letter that Charlie wrote specifically for her. Although the passage appeared in a book about Chaplin called “About Myself and My Work,” Iranian writer Farajolleh Saba is credited with writing it because she published it in a magazine under the “Fantasy” category. Subsequently, the title vanished, and magazines started competing to translate and repost the poignant passages. However, authorities of the Chaplin group formally declared that this letter was not written by the artist.

Una, Geraldine’s grandchild from her marriage to Chilean director Patricio Castilla, was given to her father. The public is familiar with Oona Chaplin from her work on Game of Thrones.

Death

The date of Charlie Chaplin’s passing was December 25, 1977. In his sleep, he departed. Intracerebral hemorrhage was the reason for death. The artist was laid to rest in the Vevey cemetery. But in March 1978, the ashes were reinterred in Corsier-sur-Vevey, another Swiss city, where a 1.5-meter-tall concrete ball had been placed in the grave following the coffin’s theft for ransom.

Biography of Buster Keaton

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Biography of Buster Keaton

American actor Buster Keaton is referred to as the “comedian without a smile” in the film industry. At the height of his career, the artist’s appeal was similar to the desire for Charlie Chaplin. Buster Keaton, the “stone face” of silent American film, amused audiences with his lack of expression or sound. The audience laughed until they cried thanks to the artist’s subtlety and insight.

He was a genuine artist of the early days of cinema, as well as a stuntman, actor, and director. The screenwriter of the motion pictures “Sherlock Jr.,” “The Navigator,” and “The General” is Keaton. He was awarded an honorary Oscar in 1960 in recognition of his services to film.

Childhood

The comedian Joseph Frank Keaton is who he really is. He was Joseph Keaton and Myra Cutler’s first child, born on October 4, 1895, in the American city of Piqua, Kansas. Two additional kids joined the family later on.

His father performed in a duet with his wife while owning the Mohawk Indian Medicine Company, a touring group. He displayed humorous sketches, danced, and did acrobatics. Mother performed on a variety of instruments, including as the saxophone, which was unusual at the time. The group featured a performance by renowned magician Harry Houdini.

It’s interesting to note that the family friend Houdini was the one who suggested the moniker Buster. A youngster was miraculously saved from falling down the stairs one day, and a magician caught him. “What a buster!” he cried, implying “What a daredevil!” Keaton Jr. went by Buster after that.

Since he was a little child, his life story has been filled with exciting events: he was in a train accident, suffered a head injury after being struck by a brick, was caught in a tornado, and was at the middle of a fire. Buster was extremely fortunate.

The boy, who came from an artistic household, was destined for the stage. He made his stage debut at the age of three. Buster and his parents performed in a piece titled “The 3 Keatons.” The boy was unfazed when his father flung him at his mother, and the crowd laughed as the acrobatic feats culminated in falls.

Reputable citizens reported to the authorities that the youngster was being abused as a child and that his labor was being exploited, but Keaton did not seem to recall any terrible experiences. He took great pleasure in watching people laugh and enjoy the event. Buster was less skilled at mimicking his father’s facial expressions, but over time he started to emulate him. Subsequently, the young man developed a new persona; his face conveyed zero emotion, which had an impact.

Movies

Keaton’s father’s alcoholism led to his parents’ 1917 divorce. Buster left his parent show’s stage, but he was able to secure a part in the Broadway play for an unprecedented sum of money. He received $250 every week from the director. An acquaintance of well-known comedian Roscoe Arbuckle ended the productive partnership.

The artist was regarded as second only to Chaplin at the time. Like many others, he was a believer in the mystical power of movies. A part in the short film The Butcher’s Assistant was extended to Buster by Roscoe. When it was released in 1917, the movie was a hit.

14 more films were released after the premiere. His promising career was halted by army conscription. Keaton joined a rifle division and was dispatched to France during World War I. 1919 saw him return to his own country, where he once more started doing what he loved and working with a buddy. The two comedians’ efforts frequently brought in substantial sums of money.

Buster made the decision to give directing a go in 1920. The first piece of work was the Bertie Alstine-starring movie “Bulda.” At that point, Keaton had taken over Joseph Schenk’s firm since Arbuckle had stopped making comedies. Hard labor and perseverance were necessary to produce successful projects.

Buster gave his all both in front of and behind the camera. Critics praised the performances and direction for their expressiveness and equal attention to detail. When “Theater” was premiered in 1921, Keaton used incredible special effects for the era. The director broke with tradition and became a true innovator by using moving cameras for filming.

The actor owned a minor share in Buster Keaton Productions, the new name for the firm he led, Comic Films. The director created the story outline while filming; there were no scriptwriters employed by the company. The foundation of Keaton’s films was improvisation and gags. The cameramen spared no film, not even pausing for a minute while filming.

After shooting two movies a year, Keaton started directing feature pictures in 1923. The movie “Three Centuries,” a parody of the 1916 picture “Intolerance,” marked the first step in this direction. Cinema received two iconic pictures in 1924. In the first, titled “Sherlock Jr.”, a projectionist with aspirations of becoming a detective is told. In addition to acting, Keaton also did stunts. It would take him only ten years to learn about the neck damage he sustained while filming.

“Navigator,” the following movie, became a phenomenon. Buster rose to fame following her. The actor’s pay rose to $3.5 thousand, and he bought a lavish Beverly Hills property. Keaton directed The General, a movie about Civil War warriors, in 1927. The comic’s unique style is vividly embodied in this film. His impassive expression allows him to pull off amazing stunts, and his use of Chaplin’s insensitive methods never fails to captivate spectators.

Buster Keaton’s films stood out for their inventive production methods, spirit of exploration, experiments with multiple images, and framing overlays. The director’s technical innovation offered him an advantage over rivals in the race for public interest. Keaton paid an astounding $42,000 for the sequence in The General where he sends a locomotive across a flaming bridge.

In 1928, the actor’s last motion picture, Steamboat Bill Jr., was released in association with Buster Keaton Productions. Metro Goldwyn Mayer shares were sold by Joseph Schenk, and Keaton resigned as artistic director. The next movie, “Marriage of Spite,” was already a disaster, but at the same time, “The Cameraman,” which maintained the directing style characteristic of Buster, was released.

The first sound movies had been released by now. This was detrimental to the comedian. The studio ended their agreement with him in 1933. After going through a divorce, the director turned to booze for comfort. After traveling around Europe, he was able to recuperate. Keaton received a contract offer from Metro Goldwyn Mayer to create gags. And once more, his inventiveness astounded everyone.

After taking over as artistic director of the United Artists studio in 1938, Keaton produced a number of clever comedies that were once again quite successful at the box office. The resurgence of popularity started to wane gradually. The filmmaker started his career on television in 1949, appearing in advertisements and as a guest star in multiple TV series. The comic performed at the Buster Keaton Comedy Show and the Buster Keaton Show performances in 1949 and 1951. The audience was reminded of him and found the actor’s skill to be very impressive.

Keaton rose to fame once more on television in the 1960s. “It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad World,” “Around the World in 80 Days,” and more movies added to his already impressive CV.

Individual existence

One could label Buster Keaton as antisocial. He was not fond of being popular, and he was selective about who he became friends with. Should someone befriend Keaton, he would start to make subtle jabs at the new acquaintance. Buster did not develop love ties with any of the actresses. Short intrigues and regular girls drew him in. He was regarded as a womanizer who showed interest in every female in his vicinity. The comedian’s acrobatic antics kept his body in shape and made him beautiful.

Buster disliked giving interviews, cherished a good, hearty breakfast in the morning, and was a huge baseball fan.

In 1921, Keaton wed Natalie Tolmadge, a young woman, in an attempt to better his personal life. A modest marriage was the first step toward starting a family. She gave birth to two sons, Robert and Joseph. In the movie “Our Hospitality,” the filmmaker shot scenes with his spouse, kids, and parents. The couple’s state of well-being eventually ended.

Buster started cheating after Natalie declared the end of their personal relationship. He concluded his divorce from his wife by drinking and getting married to May Scriven, a nurse, too soon.

The actor’s pals had little chance after his subsequent binge because he quickly wasted the money. He had to go back to work by 1934 and resume paying the $100 fee and lunch. Buster divorced his second wife after two years.

He was compelled by events to reevaluate his place in the world as well as his views on women, actors, and payments. His only happiness became bridge parties. Keaton met 21-year-old Eleanor Norris at one of them. 1937 saw the couple’s marriage.

The actor was revived by the girl’s efforts. The general people and the business community honored Keaton. They were able to purchase a home because to Eleanor’s frugal spending and Buster’s higher charge, and they were able to get back in touch with their sons and new grandchildren.

Death

It wasn’t until the actor’s final days that he began to suspect that he had lung cancer. The illness was what led to the demise. Keaton misdiagnosed the illness’s symptoms for bronchitis and kept working until he was dying. On February 1, 1966, he passed away at home in the arms of his wife.

His films and staged pictures are still preserved as mementos of the legendary filmmaker and comic. With one exception—the 1917 picture “Coney Island”—Buster never smiled in a motion picture.

Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton are still compared by critics, who discuss their collaboration in the duet “The Pianist and the Violinist,” as well as in the movies “Footlights,” “Golf Tricks,” and “Stars Before Our Eyes.” Their underlying rivalry, their cordial friendship, and the significant impact their acting and directing left on cinema brought them together.

Biography of Charles Dickens

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Biography of Charles Dickens

The writings of Charles Dickens, an English author and comedic character creator, are regarded as masterpieces of world literature. His early experiences with famine and debt enslavement did not stop him from realizing his creative potential; rather, they enabled him to expose the darker aspects of Victorian society in his books.

Childhood

Fate decreed that Dickens’s parents were unable to give their eight children a nice upbringing. The young writer’s works eventually reflected his severe poverty and never-ending debt.

The second child of John and Elizabeth Dickens was born in Landport on November 7, 1812. The family patriarch was employed at this time as an official in the Royal Navy (a naval installation). After three years, John was moved to the capital and promptly dispatched to Chatham, a city in Kent. Charles completed his schooling here.

The novelist’s father got caught in a horrific debt trap in 1824, leaving the family desperately short of cash. At that time, creditors were required by British government rules to send debtors to a special prison, which is where John Dickens ended up. The wife and kids, who were regarded as debt slaves, were likewise imprisoned every weekend.

The aspiring writer had to leave early for work due to personal problems. The boy’s modest income as a child in a blacking mill was six shillings per week, but luck was on Dickens’s poor family. John was able to pay off his obligations when he received a distant relative’s property. In addition to working part-time as a reporter for a local newspaper, he was granted an admiralty pension.

Charles kept up his studies and manufacturing employment when his father was freed. After graduating from Wellington Academy in 1827, he received a salary of 13 shillings a week to work as a junior clerk in a law office. The man spent a year working here, and after learning shorthand, he decided to become a freelance reporter.

The young writer’s career took off in 1830, and the Morning Chronicle encouraged him to join its editorial staff.

Books

Public interest in the budding reporter was immediate, and readers enjoyed the notes, which encouraged Dickens to write more. During his early years, Charles found significance in literature.

The first descriptive and moral writings were published in 1836 and were dubbed “Essays of Boz” by the author. The essays’ topic proved to be pertinent to the reporter’s social status as well as that of the vast majority of Londoners. Newspaper articles featuring psychological profiles of members of the minor bourgeoisie gave their young author notoriety and acclaim.

Dickens was praised by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky as a superb writer who adeptly captured contemporary reality in his works. The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1837) was the prose writer’s debut work in the 19th century. The book includes genre sketches that highlight the traits of the British people, including their gregarious and vivacious personality. A growing number of readers became interested in Charles’s writings because of their positivity and lightheartedness.

The 1838 publication of “The Adventures of Oliver Twist” created a stir in English society. It is difficult to overstate the social impact of this work: laws were altered, improving the lives of low-income and orphan children, and inspections were started on the capital’s shelters.

However, when the author was tranced and having epileptic episodes, the heroes of “The Antiquities Shop” literally chased after her. Charles was harassed not only by little Nell from The Antiquities Shop but also by Mrs. Gump, the drunken nurse from Martin Chuzzlewit. As Dickens said, he saw women in the most unlikely places; she murmured disgusting things to him in the temple.

It’s interesting that American readers were offended by Martin Chuzzlewit because they felt that the well-known writer was making fun of their way of life and customs.

In the publicist’s imaginative biography, the wonderful “Christmas Stories” is another noteworthy piece. Among the books in this collection was “A Christmas Carol,” which introduced readers to the character of Ebenezer Scrooge, who later came to represent materialism. He had a historical prototype, by the way, in the form of John Eloues, one of the wealthiest aristocrats of his day.

The story of “A Christmas Carol” has been filmed multiple times. The earliest movie, “Scrooge, or Marley’s Ghost,” was premiered in 1901. The story was also adapted into a cartoon in 1971.

Joint works, such as “The Idle Journey of Two Idle Apprentices,” which Charles documented with his friend Wilkie Collins, are also included in the writer’s bibliography.

Despite being one of the most well-known books in the author’s bibliography, “David Copperfield” (1859) was not something the author liked to think about. Names and likenesses of Dickens’ social circle were frequently employed in his writing. Thus, in the story, Copperfield’s wife Dora passed away. Charles welcomed his ninth child, a daughter he called Dora, while he was writing the book. For the rest of his life, the publicist hated himself for the baby’s death, which did not even result in a year of existence.

In Great Expectations (1861), a different real-life character of the author was transformed into a literary one. Ellen Ternan, a youthful actress who later served as the model for the eccentric Estella Havisham, was his final love.

Individual existence

Dickens’s first love was Maria Beadnell, a bank manager’s daughter. The young man was a basic reporter in 1830, which did not make him popular with the affluent Beadnell family. The writer’s father, a former debt prisoner, had a ruined reputation, which added to the unfavorable sentiment toward the groom. Maria studied in Paris and came back feeling strange and chilly.

The novelist wed the friend of his journalistic acquaintance’s daughter in 1836. Katherine Thomson Hogarth was the name of the girl. The publicist was strict and severe with his wife, pointing out to her that her real goal in life was to have children rather than to disagree with her husband. As a result, he eventually started to hate his wife.

Although Katherine was the classic’s devoted wife and they had 10 children together, arguments and fights were common between the couple. For the writer, the family turned into a burden, an ongoing cause of anxiety and suffering.

Dickens fell in love once more in 1857. The eighteen-year-old actress Ellen Ternan was his pick. The passionate prose writer gave his sweetheart a rental flat where they had their special dates. The two were deeply in love till Charles passed away. The 2013 film “The Invisible Woman” is devoted to the lovely bonds that exist amongst creative types. Later on, Ellen emerged as the author’s primary heir.

Death

Dickens was writing with intensity and managing a difficult personal life; his health was becoming less than stellar. Notwithstanding his physical infirmities, the writer persisted in his diligent job.

Following a literary tour around American towns, health issues started to surface. The author’s limbs and legs were amputated several times starting in 1869. The great classic passed away the following morning after suffering a stroke on June 8, 1870, while staying at the Gadshill estate.

Buried in Westminster Abbey was Charles Dickens. The novelist became a hero of English literature as his reputation and popularity grew after his passing. Even now, readers’ emotions are touched by the author’s well-known works, which prompt them to reflect on the unexpected nature of fate.

Memory

One of the best prose authors of the 19th century is honored in a number of novels and movies; his likeness can be found on British banknotes and Soviet stamps; a crater on Mercury bears his name.

A museum honoring Dickens is located in his former London residence, and his tiny hometown of Portsmouth is host to an exhibition. Many museums and collections still house his possessions, which include a cane, a travel kit, pictures, photos, original editions of his writings, and other items.

Despite Dickens’s wishes in his will not to have any monuments built in his honor, several have been built in Australia, the United States, England, and Russia.

English prose writer and literary critic Angus Wilson released “The World of Charles Dickens” in celebration of the author’s 100th birthday.

The novelist will turn 210 on February 7, 2022, which is also his birthday. This incident was the subject of numerous displays in libraries and museums, including the Trubniki residence of Ilya Ostroukhov.

 

Biography of Marilyn Monroe

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Biography of Marilyn Monroe

Many years have gone since Marilyn Monroe, the iconic blonde actress and living example of the “American Dream,” mysteriously passed away. However, curiosity about her life story, personality, and death circumstances persists to this day. Marilyn was first a copy of the opulent Jean Harlow, but she eventually turned into a celebrity among Hollywood actors.

It goes without saying that the young diva needed to be strong-willed, intelligent, and determined to achieve such fame. Regretfully, Marilyn Monroe was considered as a living example of sex appeal till the very end of her life. Only years after her passing would the astute and resilient woman in the actress come to light.

Childhood

On June 1, 1926, Norma Jeane Mortenson was born in Los Angeles, California. In addition to the girl, Gladys Baker had two more children from a prior relationship: a son and a daughter. A few days prior to the birth of their shared daughter, the woman and the girl’s father were divorced. The mother fraudulently claimed that she had no living children on Norma’s birth certificate. Furthermore, it is uncertain exactly who the Hollywood star’s father is. The actress later stated that Norma’s biological father was a man named Charles Stanley Gifford and that the information in the paternity certificate was false.

The future celebrity faced numerous hardships as a young child. Gladys Baker’s mother Delia was unwilling to take the kid into her home, therefore the girl ended up in the care of the foster family Bolender, who operated an orphanage similar to a family. She saw her mother on a daily basis while residing here till the age of seven. In addition, Gladys covered all of her daughter’s expenses, including movie tickets and lunch.

After Norma’s mother took her in in 1933, the youngster was abandoned and left without protection just a year later when Gladys was admitted to the hospital due to a nervous breakdown. The infant was given to McKee, the girl’s mother’s best friend. Sadly, Norma’s adventures did not come to an end there.

After Grace married in 1934, the couple sent the girl back to an orphanage because they were too poor to support Grace and Norma together with themselves. The infant afterwards lived with one of her mother’s acquaintances or family members, or in an orphanage. The actress then recounted that she was repeatedly attempted to be raped by family members of the homes she resided in, making her adolescence a trying time for her.

But against the grim backdrop of reality, Norma finally got to meet Miracle, Bernice Baker’s sister, after a lengthy absence. The two grew particularly close. Later, a relative of the actress wrote about this information and much more from her biography in her book “My Sister Marilyn: Memoirs of Marilyn Monroe.”

Norma soon wed James Dougherty, whom she had met when she was fifteen years old. Once married, the girl was able to avoid going back to the shelter whenever the next round of “well-wishers” left her behind.

Model

The actress started working at the Radioplane aircraft plant when she was seventeen years old. To raise the spirits of World War II soldiers, U.S. Air Force photographers were dispatched to the location in 1944 with the goal of producing a set of propaganda images. Subsequently, Norma got to know David Conover, a photographer who proposed modeling to her. The reason behind the man’s intense attraction to the attractive but unremarkable girl remains a mystery, but their encounter proved to be pivotal in shaping the future of the global celebrity. Norma started making money by modeling for Conover and his photographic pals after leaving the factory in January 1945.

After David suggested that the child get in touch with a modeling agency, the girl got a lucrative contract in August. The teenage model was also urged to adopt a pseudonym and alter her appearance. Norma had already taken on the persona of Jean Baker and had colored her hair platinum. This is how media magnate and millionaire Howard Hughes first laid eyes on her, and he was immediately drawn to the stunning blond’s desire to appear in movies.

Movies

Norma once more altered her artistic identity at the behest of 20th Century Fox’s executive producer, Ben Lyon. Ben, who thought the girl looked like the Broadway star Marilyn Miller, requested that she adopt her mother’s maiden name. This is the appearance of the well-known Marilyn Monroe.

The actress did not become unhappy when she did not receive invites to the world of big-budget film for a very long period. The girl learned as much as she could about film production in addition to taking dancing and singing lessons during her downtime from filming. The actress’s contract was extended in 1947. Marilyn played a number of unremarkable roles up until the second contract’s expiration, but they helped her build the experience she needed to advance in her career.

Monroe went back to modeling in 1948, and in March of that year, she signed a new contract with Columbia Pictures. Although her work in this studio did not lead to any noteworthy roles or celebrity, it did aid in her continued growth as an actress. Marilyn got to know a number of gifted stage hands who provided her with insightful guidance on her appearance and image.

When the movie actress went back to work at 20th Century Fox in 1950, she was given her first role, which helped people notice the girl. Monroe starred in the movie “The Asphalt Jungle” for a brief while, but the critics gave the young actor positive reviews despite her brief appearance. A few months later, Marilyn starred in another movie that was released. All About Eve won six Oscars and was hailed by the press as a Hollywood masterpiece that was sure to become a classic. Young Monroe gained notoriety as well.

The actress had a fantastic year in 1951. Marilyn featured in a number of comedies; journalists and critics praised the young actress and forecasted her rapid rise to prominence. And so it came to pass, particularly considering the actress’s prominence was impacted by a number of sharp controversies ranging from the discovery of nude images of Monroe to the challenging private life of a Hollywood celebrity.

Marilyn acquired notoriety in 1952 and 1953 as a movie star, a sexual icon, and the most beautiful actress in the country. The young, charming actress worked with several Hollywood stars, including Cary Grant, Fred Allen, and Jane Russell, on a number of hugely popular films. Thanks to Marilyn Monroe’s involvement in some sexual moments, the movie “Niagara” rose to infamous fame.

Betty Grable was supposed to play the part in the comedy “Gentlemen Prefer Blondes,” but Marilyn was requested to work on the film because of her increasing fame. The movie became the year’s biggest box office hit, and for the first time, the artist’s superb vocals were praised by reviewers.

Monroe’s role in the movie “The Seven Year Itch” solidified her image as a sex icon, and the scene in which the actress’s white garment flies away has long been regarded as cult classic. Later, the video was turned into a memorial in Chicago. During that period, Marilyn developed an image of herself as a “silly, charming blonde” that she would carry with her for the rest of her life.

The songs Monroe sang in movies are likewise well-remembered worldwide. One particularly well-known song from the movie Some Like It Hot is called I Wanna Be Loved By You.

For a while, Monroe would not even accept parts that were stylistically different from her previously established pieces. The actress has made it clear time and time again that she wants to project a somber, dramatic image, but nobody has dared to try this for a long time. Marilyn Monroe portrayed a compassionate and clever girl named Roslyn Taber in the 1961 film The Misfits, just a few months before she passed away. Roslyn was searching for human warmth rather than adventure or marriage.

Individual existence

The movie diva was surrounded by scandals pertaining to her many books. Officially, the future celebrity and American baseball player Joe DiMaggio’s marriage lasted for several years, but the couple actually decided to call it quits nine months after the wedding. Even after the divorce, the ex-husband cared for Marilyn and remained in love with her; in fact, he proposed to her one last time before he passed away.

Monroe wed Arthur Miller in 1955, and she talked respectfully and with admiration for him. The actress attempted to become a mother in this partnership, but the pregnancy proved to be ectopic. 1961 saw the couple’s divorce. The playwright soon after took his own life for unknown reasons.

Although there were many raucous rumors of Marilyn Monroe’s extramarital romance with US President John F. Kennedy and his brother Robert, official sources verified this story based on the private lives of well-known individuals.

Look

Marilyn Monroe will always be remembered as a representation of beauty and femininity. There is an elusive spark of genius that many find unfathomable in the beauty of the American actress, her physique (height 166 cm, weight 52 kg), charisma, and creative spirit.

Presumably, based on the Hollywood actor Michael Gurdin’s plastic surgeon’s records, the legend of international cinema underwent a rhinoplasty. It can be inferred from the diagnosis made by an American physician that Monroe suffered from nasal septal injury, most likely as a consequence of a fall.

Allan Schneider was the actress’s personal makeup artist and a close friend. Marilyn and her partner originally connected during Marilyn’s early acting auditions at the 20th Century Fox studio. The stylist was able to create a distinctive image of the legend by utilizing several beauty secrets. Additionally, he created the artist’s distinctive makeup, which included red lipstick and dark eyebrow arrows set against light skin.

Death

When her career was at its height, the movie star passed away in 1962. The artist’s own home, which she had bought just before she passed away, became the scene of tragedy. The Brentwood villa cost $75,000 when it was purchased. The star’s abrupt departure sparked a flurry of rumors and theories about what transpired, and American society began debating Marilyn’s death’s causes right once.

It is known that Eunice Murray, the actress’s housekeeper, found the dead actress’s body. There were empty prescription bottles in the room, and Monroe was laying on the bed, holding the phone receiver. When medical personnel arrived at the scene of the tragedy, they verified the initial theory that the actress had overdosed on sleeping drugs and died.

The public began to suspect that Marilyn’s death was not a suicide because of her body’s position—she was lying flat with her face in the pillow—her odd decision to not leave a suicide note, and the fact that nothing about her actions the day before suggested that she would act in such a desperate manner. Furthermore, the ongoing rumors regarding the Hollywood actress’s relationship with President Kennedy gave this tragedy a political undertone. The well-known blonde, according to the official inquiry report, committed suicide.

Memory

Following the actress’s passing, American filmmakers frequently attempted to depict her life narrative on screen. The documentary “The Legend of Marilyn Monroe” was directed by Terry Sanders and released in 1966. This film, whose makers attempted to portray the actress as unique yet realistic, will go down as the most truthful one.

Many American cultural figures were shocked to learn of the style icon’s passing. Andy Warhol started working on us with the well-known pop art piece “Marilyn’s Diptych” a week after the movie star’s funeral. A frame featuring the artist’s portrait, shot on the “Niagara” film set, was utilized to make the painting.

Much later, in 2022, the artist shot Sage Blue Marilyn, another painting, which went for an incredible $195 million at Christie’s, making it the most expensive piece of American art of the 20th century.

Feature films also bear reflections of the actress’s memories. 2011 saw the release of the biographical movie “7 Days and Nights with Marilyn.” Michelle Williams played the lead role, though Amy Adams, Kate Hudson, and Scarlett Johansson all tried out for the part of the well-known blonde.

Filmmakers have once more focused on the mystery surrounding the untimely death of a movie star in 2022. The movie “The Marilyn Monroe Secret: The Unheard Tapes,” which included previously unreleased interviews with the artist, made its premiere on the Netflix streaming site.

Biography of Joseph Goebbels

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Biography of Joseph Goebbels

Despite coming from a humble background, Joseph Goebbels rose to prominence as one of the most well-known politicians of the twentieth century, inspiring numerous novels and motion pictures (such as “The Prelude of Barbarossa”). Goebbels’s ability to inspire a throng with a single phrase, even in terrible health, won him the support of the Third Reich’s supreme leader.

Childhood

The future Gauleiter was born in Reidt, a small industrial town in Germany, on October 29. The Goebbels family did not contain any public servants or politically engaged individuals.

Joseph’s mother Maria managed the home and brought up the kids, while his father Friedrich first worked in a lamp factory before switching to accounting. The family had five children in total: two sons and three daughters, in addition to Joseph. Due to her lack of formal education, Maria was born in Holland and spoke a dialect of German until the end of her life.

Friedrich was the only provider for the seven of them, and they often did not even have enough money for food.

As a result, Joseph was enraged by injustice from a young age: the wealthy make a lot of money and benefit from the labor of the working class, which included the future politician’s family.

The Goebbels family was not composed of nobles or well-known figures. Goebbels dispels claims that the Gauleiter family was Jewish by publishing his own family tree.

Joseph grew up in a deeply religious family; the politician’s mother and father were devout Catholics who instilled a strong religious upbringing in their kid. Joseph knew from an early age what it meant to save money and what it meant to forgo luxury as Friedrich instilled in his kids the belief that hard work and thrift may lead to success in life.

The future ally of Adolf Hitler had a difficult childhood due to poor health and potentially fatal illness. The young man most likely got a cold because the Goebbels family didn’t have any money for heating.

The young kid developed osteomyelitis, a purulent inflammation of the bone marrow, when he was 4 years old. As a result, he started to hobble and required hip surgery, which caused his leg to grow by 10 centimeters.

In his autobiographical journal, Goebbels noted that his classmates did not like him because of the deformity in his right leg. As a result, the young youngster was alone and frequently played the piano because he had very few friends.

Even though Dr. Goebbels’s family was religious, Joseph started to doubt religion in all its forms; his illness made this easier to do. The young man thought there couldn’t be a greater power because he was unfairly inferior to other people physically. From a young age, the boy developed the following character traits: cynicism, skepticism, and embitterment.

Later, the accident also served to undermine young Josef’s self-esteem because, unlike his contemporaries who were 16 to 17 years old, he was turned down for military service during the height of the First World War because of a physical injury. According to Goebbels, this situation is the worst shame in life. In addition, Joseph was thoroughly degraded by those who went to the front.

Goebbels found solace in books during his lonely childhood: the future politician was a voracious reader and well-read beyond his years. Young Joseph’s interests extended beyond literature to include Greek and Roman mythology.

Attending one of Reidt’s top schools, Goebbels made a name for himself as a bright student who excelled in all subjects.

Following his high school graduation, Goebbels attended the universities of Munich, Würzburg, Bonn, and Freiburg to further his education. Goebbels’ parents were members of the Albert the Great Catholic organization, which provided an interest-free loan for the young man’s education since Maria and Frederick wanted their son to become a preacher.

The student, however, disregarded his parents’ expectations and did not study theology with diligence; instead, the youthful Goebbels was more interested in philology, history, literature, and other humanitarian subjects. Dostoevsky is one of Paul’s favorite authors. Subsequently, the politician addressed the Russian philosopher as a “spiritual father.” This is hardly shocking, either, as Goebbels resembled the characters in Fyodor Mikhailovich’s writings in real life.

Paul Joseph Goebbels experimented with being a poet and playwright in his teens, but his true ambition was to become a journalist. Joseph started writing “The Young Years of Michael Forman,” his debut autobiographical tale, in the summer of 1919.

Goebbels defended his doctoral dissertation on the work of the little-known playwright Wilhelm von Schutz at the Ruprecht-Karl University in the city of Heidelberg. Later on, Gauleiter frequently brags about this accomplishment, earning the nickname “Dr. Goebbels” from his admirers.

Activities of the Nazis

Hitler’s future partner Paul tried to publish his writings, but his efforts were not successful. Hitler’s writing endeavors did not succeed.

Goebbels’s patience reached its limit when the theater declined to present Joseph’s emotional and melancholic play, Der Wanderer (English as “The Wanderer”).

These incidents led Goebbels to conclude that literature was not his calling and to prioritize political objectives.

Thus, Joseph joined the National Socialist German Workers’ Party’s left wing in 1922 under the leadership of Otto Strasser.

Dr. Goebbels made his debut in journalism in 1924 when he took a position as editor of the propaganda publication Völkische Freiheit. Paul Joseph contributed to the party’s press organ, the “National Socialist Letters,” which focused on the Strasser brothers, in the fall of 1925. Adolf Hitler was considered a lousy politician during Goebbels’s editorial career, particularly following his abortive effort to take over the state (Beer Hall Putsch, 1923).

As a result, Joseph first publicly denounced the Fuhrer in his writings, branding him a “bourgeois.” Goebbels also treated the USSR with respect, viewing it as a sacred nation, and saw himself as a socialist and devoted worker’s advocate.

Hitler angrily defended his belief that Germans are members of the superrace during a two-hour discussion in Bamberg in 1926 that was devoted to criticizing Strasser’s worldview. Hitler denounced socialism, calling it the invention of the Semites. Goebbels was displeased with Hitler’s speech, and he wrote about it in his journal.

Hitler made a concerted effort to win the doctor over to his ideological viewpoint, and he was soon successful in doing so. Goebbels drastically altered his views on party membership and attempted to keep quiet about his previous affection for the Soviet Union after meeting Adolf Hitler.

After serving as the party’s leader for a few years, Goebbels went back to writing, finishing the play “The Wanderer” and modifying the narrative “Michael,” which was performed in Berlin in the fall of 1927. Under Joseph’s direction, Der Angriff was the sole publication that did not disparage Der Wanderer.

Minister of Information

Hitler was the inspiration for the entire concept of Nazi propaganda following the Beer Hall Putsch of the 1920s. The Fuhrer writes Mein Kampf, or “My Struggle,” while he is being held captive, and it captures Adolf’s spiritual state. The Reich Chancellor chose to establish the Reich Ministry of Public Education and Propaganda on March 11, 1933, and appointed Joseph Goebbels as its head in light of this experience.

The media’s and the party leaders’ persuasive speeches had a major role in the popularity of Nazi ideology among Germans. Josef’s early passions for journalism and literature were useful. Goebbels’s psychological acumen and skill at articulating his ideas clearly allowed him to manipulate the throng into raising their hands in the “Heil Hitler!” cry.

Paul thought that people on the street are primarily listeners rather than talkers, so it’s important to speak to them in plain, clear English, even if you have to say the same thing over and over.

Goebbels’s comments caused bloody clashes between national socialists and communists to occur on German streets. Horst Wessel, the priest’s son, was shot in the head by Communist Party members (“Union of Red Front Soldiers”) on January 14, 1930. Goebbels was happy to hear this news since Joseph was able to turn society against the Untermensch, or Communist Party members, with the help of the information in his press.

Goebbels used the Fourth Estate to his advantage to deceive people, promote Nazism, and incite hatred among Germans toward Jews and communists. If journalism served only as a political instrument in many other nations, then the media represented unbounded power to Joseph. Furthermore, it was crucial that the populace obeyed the leader; it didn’t matter if they were aware of the precise duties assigned to the Third Reich.

Historians contend that Joseph did not utter the words “Give me the media, and I will turn any nation into a herd of pigs,” which some credit to Goebbels.

The Second World War Goebbels backed the Fuhrer’s aggressive strategy, proposing to the German armed forces in the winter of 1933 to seize East German land and break the terms of the peace Treaty of Versailles.

During World War II, Joseph focused mostly on spreading anti-communist propaganda. Goebbels’s flawless speeches gave front-line soldiers optimism, while Joseph avoided dealing with diplomatic matters or the war’s direction. In other words, Goebbels served as an inspiration and Hitler as the head of the German nation.

The propagandist made a well-known lecture about “Total War” in 1943, when the Nazi army faced defeat and was advised to employ whatever means necessary to prevail.

Josef was made chief of mobilization in 1944. Goebbels still persisted in his support of the German soldiers, declaring that even in the case of defeat, he would be waiting for them at home.

Holocaust

The definitions of this phrase are both broad and narrow. First and foremost, the Holocaust is associated with the widespread persecution and extermination of Jews residing in Germany; broadly speaking, this idea encompasses the eradication of numerous non-Aryan races during World War II. The old and crippled were also targets of Nazi persecution, according to fascist ideology.

The first official member of the Third Reich to publicly express anti-Semitic sentiment was Joseph Goebbels. Historians cannot agree about the source of the anti-Semitic sentiment toward the Jewish spokesman of German propaganda. Some people think Goebbels despised our country from an early age. Some are certain that a fervent supporter of Hitler wanted to give him everything: after going into politics, Joseph insisted that Adolf settle the Jewish issue as soon as possible. Hitler and Goebbels talked about the Jewish problem at practically every meeting.

Goebbels was a paradoxical individual, which is intriguing because he vehemently disagreed with the notion of “scientific racism.”

Estimates for 1942 place the number of Semites in the German capital at roughly 62,000, and they attempted to drive them out of the country. Although Joseph was aware that the majority of the people he detested were being cruelly murdered and subjected to torture in concentration camps, the propagandist did not oppose the policy because he thought the Jews deserved it.

The socialist doctrines of Marx, Engels, and other political figures were mass-burned on Goebbels’ orders. Books by literary authors including Tolstoy, Gorky, Rolland, etc. were also destroyed in the fire.

Individual existence

Paul Joseph Goebbels was not an attractive man at all. Standing at 165 cm tall, he was short and limp with a large nose and nimble eyes. His obsession with sex was an attempt to boost his self-esteem.

Goebbels wed his beloved Magda on December 19, 1931. Magda had been a fan of Joseph’s talks. Six kids are raised by the couple. Magdalena was loved and regarded as a personal friend by Hitler.

Goebbels continued to enjoy the company of women even after being legally married. The German politician was frequently observed among the group of easy-going girls and frequently took part in orgies.

Lida Baarova, a Czech actress, was also a favorite of the Nazi, which went against German propaganda. Party members had to hear Goebbels apologize in a humiliating way for his liaison with another woman.

According to Goebbels’ colleagues, the doctor was a happy person since he frequently displays genuine laughter in pictures and movies. But in an interview, Joseph’s former secretary, Brünnhilde Pomsel, noted that the propagandist was a heartless and icy individual.

Death

Hopeless, Goebbels burnt his final personal notes on April 18, 1945. Goebbels’s deified ruler of the Third Reich, together with his wife Eva Braun, commit suicide following the fall of the fascist army. Joseph was to become Reich Chancellor, per Adolf’s will.

Goebbels went into emotional shock after the Fuhrer committed suicide. He mourned that Germany had lost a man of that caliber and vowed to emulate him.

Joseph thought he may be rescued after Hitler’s death, but the Soviet Union would not bargain. The propagandist relocates to a Berlin bunker with his wife Magda and kids.

At Magdalena’s request, all six of the kids received morphine shots and had cyanide put in their mouths in the spring of 1945 on the bunker’s grounds. Goebbels and his spouse went to gather hydrocyanic acid salts at night. Furthermore, nothing is known regarding the Goebbels spouses’ suicides or the murder of their children. On May 2, 1945, Russian soldiers discovered the burnt corpses of seven individuals.

 

 

Biography of Marina Tsvetaeva

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Biography of Marina Tsvetaeva

Marina Tsvetaeva is a Russian poetess, translator, writer of critical and biographical essays, and, very rightly, one of the major players in 20th-century world poetry. The works of Tsvetaeva are vibrant, expressive, and full of fire, just like their creator. Numerous biographers emphasized the writer’s challenging personality and her erratic temperament, but without these qualities, there wouldn’t be any exquisite writings that are still praised now.

Childhood

Although Tsvetaeva celebrated her birthday on October 9th, 1892—a day that was significant to Marina Ivanovna—she was actually born on October 8th (new style) of that year. A daughter was born in Moscow into the household of renowned philologist and art critic Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, a professor at Moscow University, and his second wife, professional pianist Maria Main, who was also Nikolai Rubinstein’s pupil.

Along with her own younger sister Anastasia, Marina had half-brothers Andrei and Valeria from her father’s side. Tsvetaeva’s early years were influenced by her parents’ creative careers. Her father instilled a love of fine literature and foreign languages, while her mother taught her how to play the piano and wished to see her daughter have a career in music.

Because Marina and her mother had lived overseas frequently, they were fluent in French, German, and Russian. Moreover, Tsvetaeva wrote poems in all three languages, the majority of them in French, when she was just six years old. The future well-known poetess started her schooling in exclusive gymnasiums for girls in Moscow, from which she was expelled due to her stubborn nature. She then attended boarding schools for girls in Germany and Switzerland. I attempted to enroll in an Old French literature course at the Sorbonne in Paris when I was sixteen years old.

The written word

The poetess actively participated in the literary circles and studios at the Musaget publishing house and established close communication with the Moscow symbolist circle once she started publishing her poetry. “Evening Album,” Marina Tsvetaeva’s debut collection, was released in 1910. It contained compositions primarily from his academic years.

The young poetess’s work soon caught the interest of well-known authors, including Maximilian Voloshin, Valery Bryusov, the father of Russian symbolism, and Nikolai Gumilyov, Anna Akhmatova’s husband. “Magic in Bryusov’s Poems,” Marina’s debut prose piece, was written during this period of triumph. It’s worth noting, by the way, that Tsvetaeva paid for the publication of her first few novels herself. “The Magic Lantern,” her second book of poems, was released shortly after.

The biography of Marina Tsvetaeva was associated with Alexandrov just before the revolution, when she traveled there to see her sister Anastasia and her spouse. This particular time of the poetess’s work is noteworthy since it is filled with odes to loved ones and places, earning it the moniker “Tsvetaeva’s Alexander Summer” from experts. The author wrote the well-known cycles “To Akhmatova” and “Poems about Moscow” around that time.

Marina supported the White movement during the Civil War, even though she didn’t think the country should be divided into conventional colors overall. During that time, Tsvetaeva wrote love plays, extensive poems for the collection “Swan Camp,” as well as pieces for “The Tsar Maiden,” “Egorushka,” and “On a Red Horse.” The poetess’ two major works, “Poem of the End” and “Poem of the Mountain,” were large-scale pieces she created after being compelled to relocate overseas. However, the most of the emigration-era poetry remained unpublished. Marina Tsvetaeva’s writings were included in “After Russia,” the final collection to be published until 1925. Despite this, she never stopped writing.

The works “My Pushkin,” “Mother and Music,” “House at Old Pimen,” and other works by Russian poets Andrei Bely, Maximilian Voloshin, and Mikhail Kuzmin were among the many things that Russian exiles enjoyed more than Tsvetaeva’s writing. However, they refused to purchase poetry, despite the fact that Marina created the amazing cycle “To Mayakovsky,” in which the poetess was startled by the Soviet poet’s suicide, which served as the “black muse.”

Individual existence

In 1911, the Muscovite met Sergei Efron, her future husband, at her friend Maximilian Voloshin’s Koktebel home. Ariadne Efron, their eldest daughter, was born shortly after they were married (their wedding portraits were kept in the archives). However, Marina was a very passionate lady, and other men have won her heart on occasion. For instance, Tsvetaeva had a romantic engagement lasting nearly ten years, despite her exile, with the Russian poet Boris Pasternak.

The poetess and artist Konstantin Rodzevich struck up a passionate relationship in Prague. After roughly six months of dating, Marina—who wrote the “Poem of the Mountain” as a dedicatory poem to her lover—volunteered to assist his fiancee in selecting a wedding gown, effectively ending their romantic relationship.

However, it turned out that Marina Tsvetaeva had relationships with other people besides males. She had a literary circle meeting with poetess and translator Sofia Parnok in 1914, even before she left. The women soon developed a sympathy for one another that gradually developed into more. After Marina dedicated her beloved to a cycle of poetry called “Girlfriend,” their romance emerged from the shadows.

Because to Efron’s intense jealousy and his knowledge of his wife’s extramarital affair, Tsvetaeva was compelled to leave him for Sofia. She did, however, break up with Parnok in 1916, go back to her husband, and give birth to a daughter named Irina a year later. Later on in her peculiar connection, the poetess would declare that although it is exciting for a woman to love another woman, it is monotonous to love males by themselves. Marina, however, called her relationship with Parnok “the first disaster in her life.”

Following the arrival of her second child, Marina Tsvetaeva encountered a difficult period in her life. Revolution, spouse leaving for overseas, abject poverty, starvation. When Ariadna, the oldest daughter, become seriously ill, Tsvetaeva transferred the kids to an orphanage in the Kuntsevo village, which is close to Moscow, posing as orphans. While Ariadne made a full recovery, Irina became ill and passed away at the age of three.

Later, the poetess gave birth to a third child, a son named George who went by Mur in the family, after getting back together with her husband in Prague. Despite being weak and unwell, the youngster fought in the Second World War and died there in the summer of 1944. Georgy Efron was interred in the Vitebsk area in a mass grave. There are now no living descendants of the renowned poetess Tsvetaeva since neither Ariadne nor George produced their own heirs.

Death

Marina and her family were nearly impoverished throughout their exile. Due to illness, Tsvetaeva’s husband was unable to work; Georgy was extremely small; Ariadna attempted to assist financially by stitching hats; but, their only source of revenue was the pitiful amounts that Marina Ivanovna was paid to write articles and essays. The interpreter compared this financial predicament to a protracted, starving death. As a result, family members frequently requested to return to their native country at the Soviet embassy.

Ariadne was granted this privilege in 1937; six months later, Sergei Efron traveled covertly to Moscow after facing arrest threats in France for his alleged involvement in a political killing. Marina eventually crossed the border with her son in official capacity. However, the reunion ended tragically. The girl was detained by the NKVD very quickly, and Tsvetaeva’s husband followed suit. If Ariadne was rehabilitated following Joseph Stalin’s death after serving for more than 15 years, then Efron was shot in October 1941.

But his wife was never informed of this. A mother and her teenage son were evacuated to the town of Elabuga on the Kama River at the start of the Great Patriotic War. The poetess was compelled to take a work as a dishwasher in order to receive temporary registration. Tsvetaeva committed suicide by hanging herself in the residence where she and Georgy were assigned to stay on August 26, 1941, according to her statement dated August 26. It was asphyxia that killed the poetess. Three suicide notes were left by Marina. The author sought for forgiveness from her son in the first letter, and she urged people to look after the youngster in the other two.

It’s interesting to note that when Tsvetaeva was just preparing to go, her longtime friend Boris Pasternak assisted her with packing and even purchased a rope to tie everything up. “At least hang yourself,” the man said, showing off how strong the rope he had found was. As per Mark Slonim, Marina Ivanovna used this rope as the means of committing suicide. Although Tsvetaeva was buried in Yelabuga, it is still unknown where she was interred because of the ongoing conflict.

Funerals for suicide victims are not customarily permitted in Orthodox circles, but the governing bishop may grant an exception. And on the 50th anniversary of the poetess’s passing in 1991, Patriarch Alexy II made use of this privilege. The church service took place at the Nikitsky Gate location of the Moscow Church of the Ascension of the Lord.

Memory

The great Russian poetess was honored with the opening of museums in the cities of Korolev, Feodosia, and the Ivanovo region. Along with the museum, Tsvetaeva’s cherished Tarusa had a memorial designed by Boris Messerer and a cenotaph bearing Marina Ivanovna’s wish to be buried here. There are sculptures in various Russian cities, both nearby and far away.

The documentary “Tsvetaeva. Open,” which explores the life of the Russian poetess, specifically focusing on the momentous time when Marina abandoned her daughters to an orphanage, was presented by Alla Damsker in 2020. Lyudmila Ulitskaya, Konstantin Khabensky, and Elizaveta Boyarskaya were among the actors in the movie.

Biography of Anton Chekhov

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Biography of Anton Chekhov

Russian author and dramatist Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was educated as a physician and is an academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. The master of short writing with a superb sense of humor and undeniable brilliance, the classic of world literature enhanced Russian literature by inventing fresh creative strategies like philistinism and the absence of final morality.

Early life

In January 1860, Anton Chekhov was born in Taganrog. His father owned a colonial goods business and was a small-time grocer and former serf. Anton had two sisters and four brothers, one of them passed away at a young age. The family’s mother was a quiet woman who looked out for the family’s interests; she was the daughter of a businessman. The Chekhov brothers got up at five a.m. every day to sing in the church choir, which was directed by their father. They also assisted their parents in the shop after school.

After completing his studies at the parish school, Anton was enrolled at the Taganrog gymnasium when his father fled to Moscow to avoid debts. To finish his education, the 16-year-old prospective writer decided to stay in his hometown. He moved in with the new owners of his house and used tutoring to assist pay for his stay.

When Chekhov was a high school student, he built his worldview and fell in love with reading and theater. It was during those years that Anton penned his first hilarious stories. The boy had a passion for theater since he was 13 years old, and he even staged home productions for his classmates.

However, Chekhov decided to become a doctor and enrolled in Moscow University’s medical department in 1879, having completed his high school education.

Storytelling works authored by Anton Chekhov

In 1880, Anton Pavlovich’s first printed work was published in the magazine “Dragonfly”; at the time, the future classic was a first-year student. Chekhov then continued to work regularly with the publications “Alarm Clock,” “Spectator,” “Worldly Talk,” and “Light and Shadows.”

Chekhov’s hilarious pieces were first published in the journal “Oskolki” in several cases. The aforementioned magazine released the pieces “Thick and Thin” in 1883, “Chameleon” in 1884, and “Over-Salted” in 1885. The Christmas tale “Vanka” first appeared in the Petersburg Gazette in 1886. The pictures were done by his brother Nikolai Chekhov, and the author signed his early works under the pen name Antosha Chekhonte.

A letter offering Anton Pavlovich a job was sent to him by St. Petersburg in 1886. He received an invitation to the “Novoye Vremya” newspaper. The dramatist wrote the volumes “Motley Stories” and “Innocent Speeches” during this time. As his writings gained traction, Chekhov started signing them using his true name. The author received half of the Pushkin Prize in 1888 for his collection of short stories “At Twilight.”

The author had completed “Drama on the Hunt,” “The Steppe,” “Lights,” and “A Boring Story” by 1889. During his travels, Chekhov gathered material for these pieces. After he quit working with comedy magazines in the late 1980s, the author developed an interest in traveling.

In 1890, the urge to explore led Anton Pavlovich to visit Sakhalin. Traveling to the island required passing through Siberia, where the author gathered inspiration for upcoming works of fiction. Given Chekhov’s condition—he was already experiencing consumption—the journey was difficult for him. The author brought “Across Siberia,” a collection of essays, and “Sakhalin Island,” a book, back from the trip.

Many admirers of Chekhov’s writing particularly recall the tale “Ward No. 6” out of all of his works. In 1892, it was initially printed in the journal “Russian Thought.” The story’s title, which denotes anything strange or bizarre, has become a common term. Numerous phrases from this work have been referenced.

Acts

In Moscow in 1887, Anton Pavlovich’s debut play, “Ivanov,” had its premiere. The Fyodor Korsh Theater hosted the promising playwright’s production. The production was a success, despite the audience’s mixed reactions. The drama was then presented in St. Petersburg, albeit with a few changes.

Playing Trigorin in The Seagull, Astrov in Uncle Vanya, and other roles, Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko and Konstantin Stanislavsky presented all of the early Chekhov productions at the Moscow Art Theater.

The Melikhovo period produced the plays “The Seagull” and “Uncle Vanya.” The dramatist also wrote “Three Sisters” at Melikhovo in 1900, a play in which his wife performed wonderfully. The popularity of Olga Knipper as the main female character in Chekhov’s works was replicated in 1903 when The Cherry Orchard, the final piece of the Russian classic, was produced.

The Virtues of Anton Chekhov

The author’s long-held desire was realized in 1892 when he acquired the Melikhovo estate in the Moscow area. He relocated his parents and sister Maria to that location, where she devotedly took up her brother’s legacy. The acquisition of the estate altered Chekhov’s life. Because Anton Pavlovich had a passion for surgery in addition to literature, he once more got the chance to practice medicine.

As a zemstvo doctor in Melikhovo, Chekhov also engaged in charitable activity, constructing a bell tower, a fire station for peasants, and multiple schools. He oversaw the opening of a post office at the railroad station and the building of a highway leading to Lopasnya. The physician also planted over a thousand cherry trees and thinned out woodland sections with elms, oaks, and larches. In addition, Anton Pavlovich paid for the opening of a public library in Taganrog during this time.

Individual existence

There are many love stories in the writer’s personal life. Anton Pavlovich was a tall man (182 cm) who was considered attractive by his contemporaries. Many women were drawn to him because of his charisma. Friends of the writer called them in jest, “Antonovkas.” Chekhov spent years in close contact with his passions. The dramatist did not write his novels in chronological order. Frequently aware of one another, his women showed little urgency to sever their relationships with their partners.

The author developed an interest in Lydia (Lika) Mizinova in 1888. The girl was nineteen years old and Chekhov’s sister’s acquaintance. The writer yearned for freedom and independence, and Lika yearned to be his bride. He had no interest in marrying the girl. For nearly a decade, the man continued to give the beautiful hope despite this. While he relished her presence, he refrained from discussing marriage and having a combined household.

Chekhov denied prospective suitors the opportunity to win Lika’s favor during their initial years of correspondence by making fun of any rivals in her presence. Afterwards, Ignatius Potapenko, a womanizer, was introduced to Lika, who was in love with Anton Pavlovich, by the man himself.

Mizinova conceived and gave birth to a daughter after getting involved with a married admirer. In the early years of life, the youngster passed away. Based on these facts, Anton Pavlovich created Mizinova as the model for Nina Zarechnaya in The Seagull. Following intricate and perplexing games with Potapenko and Chekhov, Lika sought comfort in marriage. She wed theater director Alexander Sanin in 1902.

Anton Pavlovich met Elena Shavrova in the 1980s. A fifteen-year-old girl presented Chekhov with a narrative manuscript and developed an intense romantic interest in him. Five years after they met, the girl got married since she realized there was little hope of reciprocity.

She traveled to Moscow to see family in 1897. When she and Chekhov first met, they started dating. The couple ran away to Crimea. They parted after spending some time together in Yalta. More than any other romantic partner, Elena received roughly seventy-six letters from the writer. In the tale “The Lady with the Dog,” Anton Pavlovich created the character Shavrova.

During the 1898 playwright’s debut of “The Seagull,” he reconnected with his longtime friend Nina Korsh. She did not pass up the opportunity to try her charms on the writer, whom she had been in love with since she was twelve years old. Anton Pavlovich overreached himself. This pastime led to Nina becoming pregnant.

Although it is thought that the author has no living ancestors, information about Nina’s daughter Tatyana’s birth in 1900 can be found online. Due to his affair with Olga Knipper, Chekhov quit the girl, therefore he was unaware of this situation. Korsh kept her pregnancy a secret from the author. Nina traveled to Paris with her parents following the birth of her daughter. Tatyana Antonovna followed after her father’s medical career by becoming a doctor.

It turned out that Olga Knipper was the one who managed to persuade Chekhov to wed her. They got together at a “The Seagull” play rehearsal in 1898. Olga was a stunning and endearing performer. Knipper’s stay at Anton Pavlovich’s dacha in July 1900 set the tone for their future romance. The lovers tied the knot the next year. The pair didn’t have any kids. Despite the woman’s pregnancy, there was no heir.

The success of the writer’s relationship with Knipper is portrayed in conflicting ways in letters from his archive. Olga remained on stage the entire time, and Chekhov resided in Yalta virtually nonstop while managing recurrent bouts of illness. The playwright and his spouse had a lovely courtship and mutual feelings at the start of their love story, which developed into an epistolary romance with infrequent reunions. Ivan Bunin thought that Anton Pavlovich’s frequent absences were compromising his health. Her husband was further concerned since she did not get along with Maria, his adored sister.

Chekhov’s friends thought he would have lived a longer and happier life had he not married Olga. This narrative did not have a particularly dramatic ending. The playwright’s wife was by his side in his final days, not on tour.

One of the writer’s literary acquaintances published the memoirs “A. P. Chekhov in my life” after the writer passed away. Although there is no documentary proof to support Lydia Avilova’s account of events, she stated that passionate passions were in full flow between her and the writer. Anton Pavlovich referred to her as “mother” or “respected” in his correspondence. In order to explain this, Lydia Avilova said that she destroyed the majority of her private letters to the writer.

Historians question the authenticity of her memoirs, speculating that the author intended to draw attention to herself by claiming a well-known colleague’s name.

The Death of Anton Chekhov

Chekhov had a TB infection. At the age of 24, he saw symptoms of consumption in himself for the first time. The writer’s recollections indicate that in 1885, his fever and bloody cough became increasingly apparent symptoms of his disease. When Anton Pavlovich was younger, he received no treatment for tuberculosis. He thought the symptoms were indicative of a different illness.

Afterwards, the author kept his ill health a secret from his loved ones. He did not want to annoy his mother or sister. The dramatist was gravely ill by 1897 and frequently bled from his right lung. This fact compelled him to submit to testing under Professor Alexei Ostroumov’s supervision.

He was brought to the hospital in order to research the signs of Chekhov’s disease. Doctors diagnosed patients and recommended a course of action. The writer started to ask to go home as soon as he felt better. It was Anton Pavlovich’s sincere desire to carry on writing. The writer started having bloody cough episodes in 1898 that would persist for many days. He kept this information from his family.

Additionally, the author gave his heroes agonizing experiences that shaped Chekhov’s life. The piece “The Story of an Unknown Man” is where this transfer is most apparent.

The writer was advised to travel to a number of resorts, some of which were too far for a sick person to travel. After spending the winter of 1898 in Nice, the writer returned to France and purchased a piece of land near Yalta. He eventually relocated to Crimea in the summer after selling his estate in Melikhovo, close to Moscow.

Chekhov went to a vacation in southern Germany with his wife just before he passed away. The author passed away at Badenweiler during the summer of 1904. It was believed that TB was the reason of Chekhov’s demise. The playwright felt worse than usual, and that was when it all began. Chekhov was already saying that he was dying when a doctor approached at his bedside. He requested champagne, took a sip, and passed away.

In 2018, British researchers found blood clot-forming proteins in traces of blood on Chekhov’s preserved shirt in addition to mycobacterium tuberculosis. This gave rise to the theory that Anton Pavlovich’s abrupt death was caused by a blood artery obstruction and cerebral hemorrhage.

The writer’s coffin bearing his body was transported from Germany to Moscow on a carriage bearing the name “Oysters.” The train’s only section with refrigerated cabinets was this one. The funeral was held at the Novodevichy Convent cemetery, and the bones were moved to the Novodevichy cemetery following its abolition.

Modifications to works

More than 500 films in South Africa, Russia, Spain, and even Great Britain were based on the works of Chekhov. When it comes to how many foreign films have adapted Russian classics, the author is in the lead. The silent film “Surgery,” which was the first movie based on Anton Pavlovich’s work, was released in the Russian Empire in 1909; it has not survived.

Popular cinema versions include Nikita Mikhalkov’s “Dark Eyes,” Laurence Olivier’s “Play of the Month” for the BBC, Mikhail Tsekhanovsky’s cartoon “Kashtanka,” and others.

“The Cherry Orchard” is regarded as one of the most well-known Russian dramas performed overseas. The drama debuted on the stage of the Scenic Society Theater in Great Britain seven years after the comedy’s initial 1904 production at the Moscow Art Theater.

Memory

Chekhov’s admirers are still interested in his works and biography. The paintings “Farewell, Doctor Chekhov!” (2007), “Admirer” (2012), and “Anton Chekhov 1890” (2015) are tribute to the playwright’s life.

The Russian author’s name appears on theaters, hospitals, libraries, and even geographical and astronomical things, such as an asteroid and a crater on Mercury. The writer is honored with the namesake of a river passenger ship that travels along the Don and Volga between Rostov-on-Don and Moscow, as well as a variety of roses. Even the protagonist of Gene Roddenberry’s hit television series Star Trek was given the surname Chekhov.

Numerous monuments honor the protagonists of Anton Pavlovich’s novels, such as Kashtanka, a woman walking a dog, and a guy holding a case, in addition to the dozens of monuments honoring the author.

In addition to Russia, the publicist’s images were frequently included on stamps from the Gambia, Monaco, and even the Vatican.

Biography of Konstantin Paustovsky

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Biography of Konstantin Paustovsky

Against the backdrop of Soviet prose writers, Konstantin Paustovsky stood out admirably. He wrote from the bottom of his heart, not to gain favor with the authorities. And the heart of Paustovsky belonged to common people. He thought it was the most repulsive thing an artist could do to trade their skills.

Childhood

The future champion of Russian nature was born in 1892 into a family that included a retired officer with several years of railroad service. Peter Sagaidachny, the valiant leader of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, was a descendent of my father. Ironically, he talked about his relationship with the hetman a lot.

My grandmother was a devoted Catholic who was Polish. She frequently disagreed on ideologies with her unrealistic, freedom-loving atheist son-in-law. Having served the Tsar in the past and fought in the Turkish-Russian War, his paternal grandfather met a severe oriental woman who would eventually become his wife.

Turks, Poles, and Zaporozhye Cossacks are among Paustovsky’s ancestors. Nevertheless, he developed into a genuinely Russian writer and lived his entire life extolling the virtues of his own country. He read a lot as a teenager, just like a lot of his friends. The romantic tale of the idealistic girl Assol had a lasting impression on him. However, Konstantin was already drawn to writing in high school in addition to reading. The narrative “On the Water” was the young prose writer’s debut piece.

After growing up in Moscow, Konstantin attended school in Kyiv and then Bryansk for a short while. The family relocated frequently. Following its dissolution in 1908, the son hardly ever saw his father. After learning of his parent’s condition through a telegram, the high school student headed straight to Bila Tserkva. While traveling, I couldn’t help but think of my father—a haughty, irritable, yet gentle man. He left his work at the railway shortly before his death, for no apparent reason, and moved to the estate that had formerly belonged to his grandpa.

 

Later, in “The Tale of Life,” the author would write of the passing of his father. Other incidents from the prose writer’s biography are also reflected in the book. Paustovsky was born and raised in Kiev. He enrolled at the Faculty of Philology following high school. The autobiography’s second section describes a philosophy professor who bears a striking resemblance to Emile Zola. During one of his eccentric teacher’s lectures, Paustovsky suddenly recognized that writing was the only thing he could do with his life.

Paustovsky had two brothers and a sister. The elder disapproved of Konstantin’s literary pursuits, considering poetry and prose to be only for amusement. However, he disregarded his brother’s advice and persisted in reading and writing every day until he was completely worn out.

The calm youth came to an end in 1914. After leaving school, Konstantin moved to Moscow. Living in the heart of the city on Bolshaya Presnya—later renamed Krasnaya—was the mother and sister. Paustovsky went to the university in the capital, although he did not stay there for very long. He was a tram conductor for a while. Because of his myopia, the former pupil was unable to reach the front. On the same day, both brothers passed away.

The written word

The initial tales were published in the “Lights” magazine. Paustovsky departed for Taganrog a year prior to the revolution. Anton Chekhov started writing “Romantics” at his hometown. This novel wasn’t released until 1935. finished in Odessa, where the author lived for some months before moving back to Moscow in the early 20s.

Paustovsky found work as a correspondent in the capital. I was forced to go to rallies, which in the years following the revolution in Moscow had become the norm. The third section of “The Tale of Life” is the author’s reflection of those years’ impressions. Here, the author goes into great detail regarding notable revolutionaries and politicians, like as Alexander Kerensky. Author’s statement regarding the leader of the Provisional Government:

Paustovsky has traveled to many places, including the Baltic, Central Asia, Siberia, and the Donbass. The author attempted a variety of careers. Every stage of his life is a stand-alone novel. The nature of the Vladimir region really captured the prose writer’s heart. He enjoyed desolate roads, azure lakes, and dense forests.

The author paid homage to the local environment in the stories “The Thief Cat,” “Badger Nose,” “Grey Gelding,” and “Snow.” Schoolchildren were required to study short pieces by Paustovsky as part of their curriculum in the latter part of the 1900s. These include “Hare’s Paws,” “The Disheveled Sparrow,” and “Tenants of the Old House.” The Soviet author’s stories are kind and educational. The tale of “Warm Bread” relates how the villagers were penalized for a self-centered boy’s brutality.

The forester’s daughter and Grieg, a Norwegian composer, are the main protagonists in “Basket with Fir Cones.” This is a nice, straightforward children’s fairy story. A cartoon based on the story was made in 1989. Out all Paustovsky’s works, only thirteen have been filmed.

Paustovsky’s renown began to extend outside of the USSR in the 1950s. All of the European languages have translations of the stories and tales. In addition to writing, Konstantin Georgievich was a teacher. The prose writer was well-known at the Literary Institute as a gifted instructor. Soviet literary classics are among his students.

Following Stalin’s demise, the author traveled to other nations. He traveled to his ancestors’ native Poland as well as Turkey. visited Sweden, Italy, and Bulgaria. Although Paustovsky was nominated for the Nobel Prize, it is known that the author of “Quiet Don” won the prize. The regulations provide that the cause for the rejection cannot be disclosed until 50 years have passed. “The merits of the Soviet prose writer do not outweigh his shortcomings,” it was revealed in 2017. Members of the Swedish commission voiced this opinion.

Marlene Dietrich had a strong admiration for Paustovsky’s writing. She devoted a whole chapter in her biography book Discourses to him. After reading the “Telegram,” the German actress found Paustovsky’s poetic style to be rather pleasing. Dietrich was so taken aback by this account that she could never forget the title of the book or the author, who was a stranger to her.

Moscow hosted the actress in the late 1950s. Then she had her first and last encounter with the writer. Dietrich presented the writer with multiple pictures as a memento. One shows Paustovsky and the well-known actress on the House of Writers stage.

Individual existence

Paustovsky met his future bride in 1915. Zagorskaya Ekaterina was her name. The following summer, the wedding was held in a small rural church close to Ryazan. Catherine wished for this. Vadim, the writer’s son, was raised in these areas after being born in 1925.

Paustovsky spent twenty years living with his first wife. The son’s memories indicate that the marriage held firm as long as Konstantin Georgievich’s inventiveness was given full reign. Paustovsky began to receive recognition in the 1930s. By then, the couple had become weary of one another, partly due to the challenging years after the revolution.

Following Paustovsky’s liaison with Valeria Navashina, Ekaterina lodged a divorce petition. Afterwards, the prose writer’s ex-wife’s private letter—which included the line “I can’t forgive him for his relationship with that Polish woman”—was mentioned by memoirists in their works.

The second wife is a popular Polish painter from the 1920s. Writer Valeria Navashina became her muse. He dedicated a great deal of his late 30s work to her. But Paustovsky’s third wife also served as an inspiration.

The author’s last significant life event happened in 1948. Meet Tatyana Arbuzova and Paustovsky. She was married to a well-known dramatist at the time. The drama “Tanya” was dedicated to Alexey Arbuzov’s wife. In 1950, Paustovsky wed Tatyana. Born into this union, Alexei lived a brief 26 years.

Death

Paustovsky had a history of asthma. He continued to be involved in public life despite his sickness, which grew worse as his life was coming to an end. He never took part in the persecution of “dissidents,” and he stood up for shamed writers.

He once politely declined to shake hands with a renowned reviewer who openly criticized the author of Doctor Zhivago, a novel that, at the time, only the most courageous people dared not condemn. In 1968, the author passed away following another heart attack. The name of the prose writer’s planet was discovered in the late seventies.

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